http://sujeetdba.blogspot.in/2012/10/oracle-enterprise-linux-55-installation.html
The first version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux to bear the name originally came onto the market as "Red Hat Linux Advanced Server". In 2003 Red Hat rebranded Red Hat Linux Advanced Server to "Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS", and added two more variants, Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES and Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS.
While Red Hat uses strict trademark rules to restrict free re-distribution of their officially supported versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Red Hat freely provides the source code for the distribution's software even for software where this is not mandatory. As a result, several distributors have created re-branded and/or community-supported re-builds of Red Hat Enterprise Linux that can legally be made available, without official support from Red Hat. CentOS and Oracle Linux aim to provide 100% binary compatibility with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Linux is, in simplest terms, an operating system. It is the software on a computer that enables applications and the computer operator to access the devices on the computer to perform desired functions. The operating system (OS) relays instructions from an application to, for instance, the computer's processor. The processor performs the instructed task, then sends the results back to the application via the operating system.
Explained in these terms, Linux is very similar to other operating systems, such as Windows and OS X.
But something sets Linux apart from these operating systems. The Linux operating system represented a $25 billion ecosystem in 2008. Since its inception in 1991, Linux has grown to become a force in computing, powering everything from the New York Stock Exchange to mobile phones to supercomputers to consumer devices.
As an open operating system, Linux is developed collaboratively, meaning no one company is solely responsible for its development or ongoing support. Companies participating in the Linux economy share research and development costs with their partners and competitors. This spreading of development burden amongst individuals and companies has resulted in a large and efficient ecosystem and unheralded software innovation.
Over 1,000 developers, from at least 100 different companies, contribute to every kernel release. In the past two years alone, over 3,200 developers from 200 companies have contributed to the kernel--which is just one small piece of a Linux distribution.
This article will explore the various components of the Linux operating system, how they are created and work together, the communities of Linux, and Linux's incredible impact on the IT ecosystem.
Following are the key features of the Linux operating system:
ORACLE:/home/oracle>free -m
which - The "which" command displays the full path of (shell) commands.
[root@sujeet ~]# cal
Display a calendar
[root@sujeet ~]# cat
Display the contents of a file (concatenate)
Examples:
Display a file
$ cat myfile.txt
Copy file command-
[root@sujeet ~]# cp <file_name> <location>
Copy one or more files to another location
[root@sujeet ~]# fdisk
Partition table manipulator for Linux
[root@sujeet ~]# date
Display or change the date.
[root@sujeet ~]# hostname
Print or set system name
SYNTAX
hostname [name]
[root@sujeet ~]# ifconfig
Interface configurator - display your ip address, network interfaces, transferred and received data information, configure a network interface.
25) [root@sujeet ~]# mv <file_name>
Move or rename files or directories
Selinux status :-
[root@sonu oracle]# /usr/sbin/sestatus
SELinux status: disabled
[root@sonu oracle]# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
Create Directory:-
[root@sonu oracle]# mkdir <dir_name>
Search file-
[root@sonu oracle]# ls –lrt <file_name>
Os Version:-
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /proc/version
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
RHEL5.4
Check OS 32/64 Bits
[root@sujeet ~]# getconf LONG_BIT
[root@sujeet ~]# uname –a
CPU Information-
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
Process Management
The "ps" command lists current process information.
root # ps
Secure copy one system to other system.
[root@sujeet ~]# scp –r <file_name> destination_IP:<location>
What is Linux?
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a Linux-based operating system developed by Red Hat and targeted toward the commercial market. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is released in server versions for x86, x86-64, Itanium, PowerPC and IBM System z, and desktop versions for x86 and x86-64. All of Red Hat's official support and training and the Red Hat Certification Program
center around the Red Hat Enterprise Linux platform. Red Hat Enterprise
Linux is often abbreviated to RHEL, although this is not an official
designation.The first version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux to bear the name originally came onto the market as "Red Hat Linux Advanced Server". In 2003 Red Hat rebranded Red Hat Linux Advanced Server to "Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS", and added two more variants, Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES and Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS.
While Red Hat uses strict trademark rules to restrict free re-distribution of their officially supported versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Red Hat freely provides the source code for the distribution's software even for software where this is not mandatory. As a result, several distributors have created re-branded and/or community-supported re-builds of Red Hat Enterprise Linux that can legally be made available, without official support from Red Hat. CentOS and Oracle Linux aim to provide 100% binary compatibility with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Linux is, in simplest terms, an operating system. It is the software on a computer that enables applications and the computer operator to access the devices on the computer to perform desired functions. The operating system (OS) relays instructions from an application to, for instance, the computer's processor. The processor performs the instructed task, then sends the results back to the application via the operating system.
Explained in these terms, Linux is very similar to other operating systems, such as Windows and OS X.
But something sets Linux apart from these operating systems. The Linux operating system represented a $25 billion ecosystem in 2008. Since its inception in 1991, Linux has grown to become a force in computing, powering everything from the New York Stock Exchange to mobile phones to supercomputers to consumer devices.
As an open operating system, Linux is developed collaboratively, meaning no one company is solely responsible for its development or ongoing support. Companies participating in the Linux economy share research and development costs with their partners and competitors. This spreading of development burden amongst individuals and companies has resulted in a large and efficient ecosystem and unheralded software innovation.
Over 1,000 developers, from at least 100 different companies, contribute to every kernel release. In the past two years alone, over 3,200 developers from 200 companies have contributed to the kernel--which is just one small piece of a Linux distribution.
This article will explore the various components of the Linux operating system, how they are created and work together, the communities of Linux, and Linux's incredible impact on the IT ecosystem.
Key features of Linux Operating System:
Following are the key features of the Linux operating system:
- Multitasking: several programs running at the same time.
- Multiuser: several users on the same machine at the same time (and no two-user licenses!).
- Multiplatform: runs on many different CPU's, not just Intel.
- Multiprocessor/multithreading: it has native kernel support for multiple independent threads of control within a single process memory space.
- It has memory protection between processes, so that one program can't bring the whole system down.
- Demand loads executable: Linux only reads from disk those parts of a program that are actually used.
- Shared copy-on-write pages among executable. This means that multiple process can use the same memory to run in. When one tries to write to that memory, that page (4KB piece of memory) is copied somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two benefits: increasing speed and decreasing memory use.
- Virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to disk: to a separate partition or a file in the file system, or both, with the possibility of adding more swapping areas during run time (yes, they're still called swapping areas). A total of 16 of these 128 MB (2GB in recent kernels) swapping areas can be used at the same time, for a theoretical total of 2 GB of useable swap space. It is simple to increase this if necessary, by changing a few lines of source code.
- A unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache, so that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache can be reduced when running large programs.
- All source code is available, including the whole kernel and all drivers, the development tools and all user programs; also, all of it is freely distributable. Plenty of commercial programs are being provided for Linux without source, but everything that has been free, including the entire base operating system, is still free.
- Multiple virtual consoles: several independent login sessions through the console, you switch by pressing a hot-key combination (not dependent on video hardware). These are dynamically allocated; you can use up to 64.
- Supports several common file systems, including minix, Xenix, and all the common system V file systems, and has an advanced file system of its own, which offers file systems of up to 4 TB, and names up to 255 characters long.
- Many networking protocols: the base protocols available in the latest development kernels include TCP, IPv4, IPv6, AX.25, X.25, IPX, DDP (AppleTalk), Netrom, and others. Stable network protocols included in the stable kernels currently include TCP, IPv4, IPX, DDP, and AX.25.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
- Cost – The most obvious advantage of using Linux is the fact that it is free to obtain, while Microsoft products are available for a hefty and sometimes recurring fee. Microsoft licenses typically are only allowed to be installed on a single computer, whereas a Linux distribution can be installed on any number of computers, without paying a single dime.
- Security – In line with the costs, the security aspect of Linux is much stronger than that of Windows. Why should you have to spend extra money for virus protection software? The Linux operating system has been around since the early nineties and has managed to stay secure in the realm of widespread viruses, spyware and adware for all these years. Sure, the argument of the Linux desktop not being as widely used is a factor as to why there are no viruses. My rebuttle is that the Linux operating system is open source and if there were a widespread Linux virus released today, there would be hundreds of patches released tomorrow, either by ordinary people that use the operating system or by the distribution maintainers. We wouldn’t need to wait for a patch from a single company like we do with Windows.
- Choice (Freedom) – The power of choice is a great Linux advantage. With Linux, you have the power to control just about every aspect of the operating system. Two major features you have control of are your desktops look and feel by way of numerous Window Managers, and the kernel. In Windows, your either stuck using the boring default desktop theme, or risking corruption or failure by installing a third-party shell.
- Software - There are so many software choices when it comes to doing any specific task. You could search for a text editor on Freshmeat and yield hundreds, if not thousands of results. My article on 5 Linux text editors you should know about explains how there are so many options just for editing text on the command-line due to the open source nature of Linux. Regular users and programmers contribute applications all the time. Sometimes its a simple modification or feature enhancement of a already existing piece of software, sometimes its a brand new application. In addition, software on Linux tends to be packed with more features and greater usability than software on Windows. Best of all, the vast majority of Linux software is free and open source. Not only are you getting the software for no charge, but you have the option to modify the source codeand add more features if you understand the programming language. What more could you ask for?
- Hardware - Linux is perfect for those old computers with barely any processing power or memory you have sitting in your garage or basement collecting dust. Install Linux and use it as a firewall, a file server, or a backup server. There are endless possibilities. Old 386 or 486 computers with barely any RAM run Linux without any issue. Good luck running Windows on these machines and actually finding a use for them.
- Understanding – Becoming familiar with the Linux operating system requires patience as well as a strong learning curve. You must have the desire to read and figure things out on your own, rather than having everything done for you. Check out the 20 must read howto’s and guides for Linux.
- Compatibility – Because of its free nature, Linux is sometimes behind the curve when it comes to brand new hardware compatibility. Though the kernel contributors and maintainers work hard at keeping the kernel up to date, Linux does not have as much of a corporate backing as alternative operating systems. Sometimes you can find third party applications, sometimes you can’t.
- Alternative Programs – Though Linux developers have done a great job at creating alternatives to popular Windows applications, there are still some applications that exist on Windows that have no equivalent Linux application. Read Alternatives to Windows Applications to find out some of the popular alternatives.
RHEL Commands List:-
Os Version:-
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /proc/version
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
RHEL5.4
[root@sujeet ~]# getconf
LONG_BIT
32
32
[root@sujeet ~]# uname -a
Check Hard-disk & Free Space:-
[root@sujeet ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 222G 99G 113G 47% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot
tmpfs 995M 12K 995M 1% /dev/shm
Check Physical Memory :-(swap)
[root@sujeet ~]$ grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 3036792 kB
[root@sujeet ~]# grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo
SwapTotal: 12192956 kB
Command to Check the RAM Size ORACLE:/home/oracle>free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 998 976 22 0 56 540
-/+ buffers/cache: 379 619
Swap: 4502 77 4425
ORACLE:/home/oracle>dmesg | grep RAM
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 16384K size 1024 blocksize
ORACLE:/home/oracle>vmstat
procs ----memory----swap--io--system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 78976 27396 57228 547856 0 0 16 32 575 359 3 0 97 0
ORACLE:/home/oracle>vmstat 2 10
procs -----memory---swap--io----system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 78976 30396 58040 543516 0 0 16 32 575 357 3 0 97 0
0 0 78976 30252 58040 543516 0 0 00 1014 218 0 0 100 0
0 0 78976 30252 58040 543516 0 0 02 4 1016 171 0 0 100 0
0 0 78976 30252 58048 543508 0 0 0166 1038 200 0 0 100 0
0 0 78976 30252 58048 543508 0 0 00 1012 184 0 0 99 0
0 0 78976 30252 58048 543508 0 0 024 1014 201 0 0 100 0
0 0 78976 30252 58052 543504 0 0 030 1015 194 0 0 100 0
0 0 78976 30316 58052 543764 0 0 048 1021 181 0 0 100 0
0 0 78976 30252 58060 543756 0 0 032 1015 198 1 0 100 0
0 0 78976 30252 58068 543748 0 0 032 1015 213 0 0 100 0
and top command also shows up free space
2.to check free disk space
ORACLE:/home/oracle>df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 20161172 7177644 11959388 38% /
/dev/sda3 50394996 4415128 43419912 10% /d01
/dev/sda2 50394996 1476324 46358716 4% /d02
/dev/sda6 28344028 77888 26826316 1% /d03
none 511344 0 511344 0% /dev/shm
ORACLE:/home/oracle>df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 20G 6.9G 12G 38% /
/dev/sda3 49G 4.3G 42G 10% /d01
/dev/sda2 49G 1.5G 45G 4% /d02
/dev/sda6 28G 77M 26G 1% /d03
none 500M 0 500M 0% /dev/shm
3.uptime - Tell how long the system has been running.
ORACLE:/home/oracle>uptime
18:38:23 up 7:40, 9 users, load average: 0.28, 0.13, 0.10
4.Display Number of CPUs in Linux
To see the number of CPUs on a Linux server, you can cat the /proc/cpuinfo file.
cat /proc/cpuinfo grep processor
ORACLE:/home/oracle>cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 7
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU E8200 @ 2.66GHz
stepping : 6
cpu MHz : 2666.830
cache size : 6144 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 2
core id : 0
cpu cores : 2
fdiv_bug : no
hlt_bug : no
f00f_bug : no
coma_bug : no
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 10
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx lm pni monitor ds_cpl est tm2 xtpr
bogomips : 5336.09
which - The "which" command displays the full path of (shell) commands.
which zip
/oracle/db/11.2/bin/zip
/oracle/db/11.2/bin/zip
cp - The "cp" command is used to copy files and directories
cp [option] SOURCE DEST
cp file1.txt file2.txt
cp * /archive (the source = * ---> from current directory; the destination = /archive )
cp /archive/* . (the source =/archive/* ; the destination is = . ---> the current directory)
cp * /archive (the source = * ---> from current directory; the destination = /archive )
cp /archive/* . (the source =/archive/* ; the destination is = . ---> the current directory)
mv - The "mv" command is used to move or rename files and directories
mv file1.txt file2.txt
mv * /archive (the source = * ---> from current directory; the destination = /archive )
mv /archive/* . (the source =/archive/* ; the destination is = . ---> the current directory)
mv * /archive (the source = * ---> from current directory; the destination = /archive )
mv /archive/* . (the source =/archive/* ; the destination is = . ---> the current directory)
rm - The "rm" command is used to delete files and directories
ls
Dir1 file1.txt
rm file1.txt
ls
Dir1
rm -R Dir1
ls
Dir1 file1.txt
rm file1.txt
ls
Dir1
rm -R Dir1
ls
You can use -R in order to remove a directory.
cd - The "cd" command is used to change directories
/home/oracle/myDir>pwd
/home/oracle/myDir
/home/oracle/myDir>cd ../
/home/oracle>cd myDir
/home/oracle/myDir>
/home/oracle/myDir
/home/oracle/myDir>cd ../
/home/oracle>cd myDir
/home/oracle/myDir>
mkdir - The "mkdir" command is used to create new directories
mkdir Mydir
find - The "find" command can be used to find the location of specific files
find $ORACLE_HOME -name listener.ora
/oracle/db/11.2/network/admin/samples/listener.ora
/oracle/db/11.2/network/admin/samples/listener.ora
umask - The "umask" command can be used to set the creation file permisions for an (OS) user
The umask value is subtracted from the default permissions (666) to give the final/ real permission:
666 : Default permission
002 : - umask value
664 : final permission
002 : - umask value
664 : final permission
chmod - The "chmod" command can be used to change the file permisions
chmod 777 myfile.txt
Owner Group The others Permission
7 7 7 read + write + execute
6 6 6 write + execute
5 5 5 read + execute
4 4 4 read only
2 2 2 write only
1 1 1 execute only
7 7 7 read + write + execute
6 6 6 write + execute
5 5 5 read + execute
4 4 4 read only
2 2 2 write only
1 1 1 execute only
chown - The "chown" command is used to change the ownership of files
chown oracle:dba tnsnames.ora
chown -R oracle:dba /oracle/base
ps - The "ps" command lists current process information
ps -ef | grep smon
kill - The "kill" command stop a specific OS process
kill -9 3009
3009 is the process ID
scp secure copy
ORACLE:/home/oracle>scp $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initstby.ora oracle@10.11.12.7:/db/oracle/product/10.2.0/dbs/initstby.ora
oracle@10.11.12.7's password:
initstby.ora 100% 1120 1.1KB/s 00:00
Basic File Navigation
The "pwd" command displays the current directory.
root> pwd/u01/app/oracle/product/9.2.0.1.0
The "ls" command lists all files and directories in the specified directory. If no location is defined it acts on the current directory.
root> lsroot> ls /u01root> ls -al
The "-a" flag lists hidden "." files. The "-l" flag lists file details.
The "cd" command is used to change directories.
root> cd /u01/app/oracle
The "touch" command is used to create a new empty file with the default permissions.
root> touch my.log
The "rm" command is used to delete files and directories.
root> rm my.logroot> rm -R /archive
The "-R" flag tells the command to recurse through subdirectories.
The "mv" command is used to move or rename files and directories.
root> mv [from] [to]root> mv my.log my1.logroot> mv * /archive.root> mv /archive/*
The "." represents the current directory.
The "cp" command is used to copy files and directories.
root> cp [from] [to]root> cp my.log my1.logroot> cp * /archive.root> cp /archive/*
The "mkdir" command is used to create new directories.
root> mkdir archive
The "rmdir" command is used to delete directories.
root> rmdir archive
The "find" command can be used to find the location of specific files.
root> find / -name dbmspool.sqlroot> find / -print | grep -i dbmspool.sql
The "/" flag represents the staring directory for the search. Wildcards such as "dbms*" can be used for the filename.
The "which" command can be used to find the location of an executable you are using.
oracle> which sqlplus
The "which" command searches your PATH setting for occurrences of the specified executable.
File Permissions
The "umask" command can be used to read or set default file permissions for the current user.
root> umask 022
The umask value is subtracted from the default permissions (666) to give the final permission.
666 : Default permission022 : - umask valueon644 : final permiss i
The "chmod" command is used to alter file permissions after the file has been created.
root> chmod 777 *.logwner Group World PermissionO========= ========= ========= ======================7 (u+rwx) 7 (g+rwx) 7 (o+rwx) read + write + execute) 5 (g+Rx) 5 (o+Rx) read + execute 4 (u+r)6 (u+wx) 6 (g+wx) 6 (o+wx) write + execute 5 (u+R x 4 (g+r) 4 (o+r) read only 2 (u+w) 2 (g+w) 2 (o+w) write only 1 (u+x) 1 (g+x) 1 (o+x) execute only
Character eqivalents can be used in the chmod command.
root> chmod o+rwx *.logroot> chmod g+r *.log root> chmod -Rx *.log
The "chown" command is used to reset the ownership of files after creation.
root> chown -R oinstall.dba *
The "-R" flag causes the command ro recurse through any subdirectories.
Linux last Reboot Time and Date Find Out Command
Server Uptime Command To Find Out How Long The System Has Been Running
UNIX / Linux uptime command
Open a command-line terminal (select Applications > Accessories > Terminal), and then type the following commands:
[root@sujeet ~]# uptime
11:10:46 up 1:15, 7 users, load average: 0.30, 0.20, 0.11
The uptime command gives a one line display of the following information.
- The current time (11:10:46)
- How long the system has been running (up 1:15 hours)
- How many users are currently logged on (7 user)
- The system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes (0.30, 0.20, 0.11)
This is the same information contained in the header line displayed by the w and top commands:
[root@sujeet ~]# w
11:13:32 up 1:18, 7 users, load average: 0.52, 0.35, 0.18
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root :0 - 15:12 ?xdm? 6:16 0.09s /usr/bin/gnome-
root pts/1 :0.0 15:13 ? 0.03s 0.03s bash
root pts/2 :3.0 15:15 ? 0.04s 0.03s bash
root pts/3 :3.0 15:15 ? 1.42s 0.14s bash
root pts/4 :3.0 15:51 ? 3:38 14.89s scp -r /u02/PRO
root pts/5 :3.0 11:51 11:06 0.02s 0.02s bash
root pts/6 192.168.1.3 11:10 0.00s 0.04s 0.02s w
[root@sujeet ~]# top
top - 11:14:21 up 1:19, 7 users, load average: 0.47, 0.37, 0.19
Tasks: 424 total, 1 running, 423 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.2%us, 0.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.6%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 47490168k total, 13322048k used, 34168120k free, 288916k buffers
Swap: 16777208k total, 0k used, 16777208k free, 10071952k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
14309 root 20 0 13020 1352 808 R 0.7 0.0 0:00.06 top
4293 root 20 0 270m 15m 12m S 0.3 0.0 0:21.58 vmtoolsd
4340 root 20 0 70376 2656 2048 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.72 escd
4392 root 20 0 13064 1240 972 S 0.3 0.0 0:00.31 gam_server
4842 root 20 0 271m 15m 12m S 0.3 0.0 0:13.48 vmtoolsd
5057 root 20 0 283m 20m 9032 S 0.3 0.0 0:23.81 gnome-terminal
10885 applchin 20 0 669m 43m 7664 S 0.3 0.1 0:08.17 java
Server last Reboot time
who command
You need to use who command, to print who is logged on. It also displays the time of last system boot. Use last command to display system reboot and shutdown date and time.
[root@sujeet ~]# who -b
system boot 2015-03-31 09:54
Use last command to display listing of last logged in users and system last reboot time and date:
[root@sujeet ~]# last reboot | less
reboot system boot 2.6.32-300.10.1. Tue Mar 31 09:54 (01:21)
reboot system boot 2.6.32-300.10.1. Sun Mar 29 02:15 (2+09:00)
reboot system boot 2.6.32-300.10.1. Wed Mar 25 14:54 (3+11:19)
reboot system boot 2.6.32-300.10.1. Wed Jan 28 11:19 (56+03:33)
[root@sujeet ~]# last reboot | head -1
reboot system boot 2.6.32-300.10.1. Tue Mar 31 09:54 (01:24)
The last command searches back through the file /var/log/wtmp and displays a list of all users logged in (and out) since that file was created. The pseudo user reboot logs in each time the system is rebooted. Thus last reboot command will show a log of all reboots since the log file was created.
[root@sujeet ~]# last -x|grep shutdown | head -1
shutdown system down 2.6.32-300.10.1. Sun Mar 29 02:14 - 11:19 (2+09:05)
-x: Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes.
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /var/log/messages
Try the following commands:
Display list of last reboot entries:
last reboot | less
Display list of last shutdown entries:
last -x | less
or more precisely:
last -x | grep shutdown | less
Some possible log files to explore: (found a Ubuntu system, but I would hope that they're present on most Linux/Unix systems)
/var/log/debug
/var/log/syslog (will be pretty full and may be harder to browse)
/var/log/user.log
/var/log/kern.log
/var/log/bootOS Users Management
The "useradd" command is used to add OS users.
root> useradd -G oinstall -g dba -d /usr/users/my_user -m -s /bin/ksh my_user
- The "-G" flag specifies the primary group.
- The "-g" flag specifies the secondary group.
- The "-d" flag specifies the default directory.
- The "-m" flag creates the default directory.
- The "-s" flag specifies the default shell.
The "usermod" command is used to modify the user settings after a user has been created.
root> usermod -s /bin/csh my_user
The "userdel" command is used to delete existing users.
root> userdel -r my_user
The "-r" flag removes the default directory.
The "passwd" command is used to set, or reset, the users login password.
root> passwd my_user
The "who" command can be used to list all users who have OS connections.
root> whoroot> who | head -5root> who | tail -5ora root> who | wc -lroot> who | grep -i
- The "head -5" command restricts the output to the first 5 lines of the who command.
- The "tail -5" command restricts the output to the last 5 lines of the who command.
- The "grep -i ora" command restricts the output to lines containing "ora".
- The "wc -l" command returns the number of lines from "who", and hence the number of connected users.
Process Management
The "ps" command lists current process information.
root> psroot> ps -ef | grep -i ora
Specific processes can be killed by specifying the process id in the kill command.
root> kill -9 12345
uname and hostname
The "uname" and "hostname" commands can be used to get information about the host.
root> uname -aOSF1 oradb01.lynx.co.uk V5.1 2650 alpharoot> uname -a | awk '{ print $2 }'adb01.lynx.co.ukoradb01.lynx.co.uk root> hostname or
Error Lines in Files
You can return the error lines in a file using.
root> cat alert_LIN1.log | grep -i ORA-
The "grep -i ORA-" command limits the output to lines containing "ORA-". The "-i" flag makes the comparison case insensitive. A count of the error lines can be returned using the "wc" command. This normally give a word count, but the "-l" flag alteres it to give a line count.
root> cat alert_LIN1.log | grep -i ORA- | wc -l
File Exists Check
The Korn shell allows you to check for the presence of a file using the "test -s" command. In the following script a backup log is renamed and moved if it is present.
#!/bin/kshif test -s /backup/daily_backup.logthenE_SUFFIX=`date +"%y""%m""%d""%H""%M"` mvDAT /backup/daily_backup.log /backup/archive/daily_backup$DATE_SUFFIX.logfi
Remove Old Files
The
find command can be used to supply a list of files to the rm command.
find /backup/logs/ -name daily_backup* -mtime +21 -exec rm -f {} ;
Remove DOS CR/LFs (^M)
Remove DOS style CR/LF characters (^M) from UNIX files using.
sed -e 's/^M$//' filename > tempfile
The newly created tempfile should have the ^M character removed.
Run Commands As Oracle User From Root
The following scripts shows how a number of commands can be run as the "oracle" user the "root" user.
#!/bin/kshsu - oracle <<EOFORACLE_SID=LIN1; export ORACLE_SIDrman catalog=rman/rman@w2k1 target=/ cmdfile=my_cmdfile log=my_logfile appendEOF
This is often necessary where CRON jobs are run from the root user rather than the oracle user.
Compress Files
In order to save space on the filesystem you may wish to compress files such as archived redo logs. This can be using either the
gzip or the compress commands. The gzip command results in a compressed copy of the original file with a ".gz" extension. The gunzip command reverses this process.gzip myfilegunzip myfile.gz
The
compress command results in a compressed copy of the original file with a ".Z" extension. The uncompress command reverses this process.compress myfileuncompress myfile
General Performance
vmstat
Reports virtual memory statistics.
# vmstat 5 3procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st0 0 0 995244 24392 799656 0 0 6302 160 1221 1962 10 10 62 18 00 0 0 1060608 24372 739080 0 0 1334 63 1018 1571 14 11 66 10 0 0 0 0 992376 24400 799784 0 0 1 28 992 1886 3 2 95 0 0#
free
Reports the current memory usage. The "-/+ buffers/cache:" line represents the true used and free memory, ignoring the Linux file system cache.
# freetotal used free shared buffers cachedMem: 8178884 4669760 3509124 0 324056 17177560289148 #-/+ buffers/cache: 2627948 5550936 Swap: 10289148 01
iostat
Reports I/O statistics.
# iostatLinux 3.2.10-3.fc16.x86_64 (maggie.localdomain) 03/19/2012 _x86_64_(4 CPU)avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idleDevice: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_2.02 0.23 0.51 0.78 0.00 96.46 read kB_wrtn-0 13.60 100.31 62.99 1792386 1125524 dsda 9.23 100.55 62.99 1796672 1125538 d mm-1 0.02 0.08 0.00 1432 0#
CPU Usage
sar
Collect, report, or save system activity information.
# sar -u 10 8Linux 2.6.32-100.0.19.el5 (ol5-112.localdomain) 06/27/20112:01:09 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle002:01:19 PM all 1.01 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 98.492:01:39 PM all 1.21 0.00 0.60 0.40 0.00 97.7902:01:29 PM all 2.72 0.00 2.62 0.10 0.00 94.56 002:01:49 PM all 1.00 0.00 0.60 0.10 0.00 98.29 02:01:59 PM all 1.21 0.00 0.70 0.10 0.00 97.992:02:29 PM all 2.92 0.00 2.42 0.10 0.00 94.5602:02:09 PM all 1.01 0.00 0.40 0.10 0.00 98.49 02:02:19 PM all 0.80 0.00 0.50 0.20 0.00 98.49 0Average: all 1.48 0.00 1.04 0.14 0.00 97.34#
mpstat
Reports processor related statistics.
# mpstat 10 2Linux 2.6.32-100.0.19.el5 (ol5-112.localdomain) 06/27/20111:59:57 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s002:00:07 PM all 1.21 0.00 0.90 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 97.69 980.50verage: all 0.95 0.00 0.65 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 98.24 977.1402:00:17 PM all 0.70 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 98.79 973.77A#
top
Displays top tasks.
# toptop - 13:58:17 up 2 min, 1 user, load average: 2.54, 1.11, 0.41Tasks: 160 total, 6 running, 154 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombieCpu(s): 77.1%us, 22.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 0.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%stMem: 2058872k total, 879072k used, 1179800k free, 23580k buffersPID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 2Swap: 4095992k total, 0k used, 4095992k free, 620116k cached 882 oracle 20 0 610m 64m 56m R 24.9 3.2 0:02.20 oracleoracle 20 0 605m 34m 30m S 9.8 1.7 0:00.30 oracle 22927 root 20 0 90328 3832 2604 R 24.6 0.2 0:00.89 Xorg 2931 oracle 20 0 605m 34m 31m R 11.5 1.7 0:00.35 oracle 293 3888 oracle 20 0 614m 52m 40m S 6.9 2.6 0:00.78 oracle 2935 oracle 20 0 604m 22m 20m S 6.2 1.1 0:00.19 oracle 2937 oracle 20 0 604m 19m 17m R 4.6 1.0 0:00.14 oracle2698 oracle 20 0 604m 18m 16m S 0.3 0.9 0:00.17 oracl2688 oracle -2 0 603m 15m 13m S 4.3 0.8 0:01.08 oracle 2685 oracle 20 0 603m 15m 13m S 0.7 0.8 0:00.22 oracle 2939 oracle 20 0 217m 4084 3504 R 0.7 0.2 0:00.02 oracl ee 2702 oracle 20 0 609m 22m 14m S 0.3 1.1 0:00.17 oracle 2704 oracle 20 0 618m 21m 19m S 0.3 1.1 0:00.21 oracle 2714 oracle 20 0 603m 20m 18m S 0.3 1.0 0:00.18 oracle0 4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ks1 root 20 0 10364 704 588 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.36 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd 3 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration /oftirqd/0 5 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0 6 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 events/0 7 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns#
The PID column can then be matched with the SPID column on the V$PROCESS view to provide more information on the process.
SELECT a.username,a.osuser,spid,a.program, sid, a.serial#$process b WHERE aFROM v$session a, v.paddr = b.addrid';AND spid = '& p
Hide Passwords
You may be required to use passwords in scripts calling Oracle tools, like SQL*Plus, Export/Import and RMAN etc. One method to remove the credentials from the script itself is to create a credentials file to hold them. In this case I'm using "/home/oracle/.scottcred", which contains the following.
scott/tiger
Change the permissions to make sure the file is only visible to the owner.
$ chmod 600 /home/oracle/.scottcred
Now replace references to the credentials with the contents of the file.
$ expdp < /home/oracle/.scottcred schemas=SCOTT directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=SCOTT.dmp logfile=expdpSCOTT.log
Alternatively, consider using one of the following:
Automatic Startup Scripts on Linux
This text has been replaced by a separate article here.
CRON
There are two methods of editing the crontab file. First you can use the "crontab -l > filename" option to list the contents and pipe this to a file. Once you've editied the file you can then apply it using the "crontab filename".
- Login as root
- crontab -l > newcron
- Edit newcron file.
- crontab newcron
Alternatively you can use the "crontab -e" option to edit the crontab file directly.
The entries have the following elements.
field allowed values----- --------------0-23 day of mominute 0-59 hour nth 1-31 month 1-12are Sunday) user Valid OS user coday of week 0-7 (both 0 and7mmand Valid command or script.
The first 5 fields can be specified using the following rules.
* - All available values or "first-last".3-4 - A single range representing each possible from the start to the end of the range inclusive.1,2,5,6 - A specific list of values. 1-3,5-8 - A specific list of ranges.0-23/2 - Every other value in the specified range.
The following entry runs a cleanup script a 01:00 each Sunday. Any output or errors from the script are piped to /dev/null to prevent a buildup of mails to root.
0 1 * * 0 /u01/app/oracle/dba/weekly_cleanup > /dev/null 2>&1
Cluster Wide CRON Jobs On Tru64
On clustered systems cron is node-specific. If you need a job to fire once per cluster, rather than once per node you need an alternative approach to the standard cron job. One approach is put forward in the HP best practices document (Using cron in a TruCluster Server Cluster), but in my opinion a more elegant solution is proposed by Jason Orendorf of HP Tru64 Unix Enterprise Team (TruCluster Clustercron).
In his solution Jason creates a file called /bin/cronrun with the following contents.
#!/bin/kshset -- $(/usr/sbin/cfsmgr -F raw /)shift 12"$(/bin/hostname -s)" ]] && exit 0 exit 1[[ "$1"=
This script returns TRUE (0) only on the node which is the CFS serving cluster_root.
All cluster wide jobs should have a crontab entry on each node of the cluster like.
5 * * * /bin/cronrun && /usr/local/bin/myjob
Although the cron jobs fire on all nodes, the "/bin/cronrun &&" part of the entry prevents the script from running on all nodes except the current CFS serving cluster_root.
NFS Mount (Sun)
The following deamons must be running for the share to be seen by a PC.
- /usr/lib/nfs/nfsd -a
- /usr/lib/nfs/mountd
- /opt/SUNWpcnfs/sbin/rpc.pcnfsd
To see a list of the nfs mounted drives already present type.
exportfs
First the mount point must be shared so it can be seen by remote machines.
share -F nfs -o ro /cdrom
Next the share can be mounted on a remote machine by root using.
mkdir /cdrom#1mount -o ro myhost:/cdrom /cdrom#1
NFS Mount (Tru64)
On the server machine, if NFS is not currently setup do the following.
- Application Manager -> System Admin -> Configuration -> NFS
- Select the "Configure system as an NFS server" option.
- Accept all defaults.
Create mount point directory.
mkdir /u04/backup
Append the following entry to the "/etc/exports" file.
/u04/backup
Make sure the correct permissions are granted on the directory.
chmod -R 777 /u04/backup
On the client machine, if NFS is not currently setup do the following.
- Application Manager -> System Admin -> Configuration -> NFS
- Select the "Configure system as an NFS client" option.
- Accept all defaults.
Create mount point directory.
mkdir /backup
Append an following entry to the "/etc/fstab" file.
nfs-server-name:/u04/backup /backup nfs rw,bg,intr 0 0
Finally, mount the fileset.
mount /backup
At this point you can start to use the mount point from your client machine. Thanks to Bryan Mills for his help with Tru64.
Samba/CIFS Mount (Linux)
Create a directory to use for the mount point.
# mkdir /host
Add the following line to the "/etc/fstab" file.
//192.168.0.4/public /host cifs rw,credentials=/root/.smbcred,uid=500,guid=500 0 0
Create a file called "/root/.smbcred" with the following contents.
username=myuserpassword=mypassword
Change the permissions on the credentials file.
# chmod 600 /root/.smbcred
Mount the share.
# mount /host
PC XStation Configuration
Download the CygWin setup.exe from http://www.cygwin.com.
Install, making sure to select all the X11R6 (or XFree86 in older versions) optional packages.
If you need root access add the following entry into the /etc/securettys file on each server.
<client-name>:0
From the command promot on the PC do the following.
set PATH=PATH;c:cygwinbin;c:cygwinusrX11R6binXWin.exe :0 -query <server-name>
The X environment should start in a new window.
Many Linux distributions do not start XDMCP by default. To allow XDMCP access from Cygwin edit the "/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf" file. Under the "[xdmcp]" section set "Enable=true".
If you are starting any X applications during the session you will need to set the DISPLAY environment variable. Remember, you are acting as an XStation, not the server itself, so this variable must be set as follows.
DISPLAY=<client-name>:0.0; export DISPLAY
Useful Profile Settings
The following ".profile" settings rely on the default shell for the user being set to the Korn shell (/bin/ksh).
The backspace key can be configured by adding the following entry.
stty erase "^H"
The command line history can be accessed using the [Esc][k] by adding the following entry.
set -o vi
Auto completion of paths using a double strike of the [Esc] key can be configured by adding the following entry.
set filec
Useful Files
Here are some files that may be of use.
| Path | Contents |
| /etc/passwd | User settings |
| /etc/group | Group settings for users. |
| /etc/hosts | Hostname lookup information. |
| /etc/system | Kernel parameters for Solaris. |
| /etc/sysconfigtab | Kernel parameters for Tru64. |
| /etc/sysctl.conf | Kernel parameters for Linux. |
[root@sujeet ~]# cal
Display a calendar
[root@sujeet ~]# cat
Display the contents of a file (concatenate)
Examples:
Display a file
$ cat myfile.txt
Copy file command-
[root@sujeet ~]# cp <file_name> <location>
Copy one or more files to another location
[root@sujeet ~]# fdisk
Partition table manipulator for Linux
[root@sujeet ~]# date
Display or change the date.
[root@sujeet ~]# hostname
Print or set system name
SYNTAX
hostname [name]
[root@sujeet ~]# ifconfig
Interface configurator - display your ip address, network interfaces, transferred and received data information, configure a network interface.
25) [root@sujeet ~]# mv <file_name>
Move or rename files or directories
Selinux status :-
[root@sonu oracle]# /usr/sbin/sestatus
SELinux status: disabled
[root@sonu oracle]# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
Create Directory:-
[root@sonu oracle]# mkdir <dir_name>
Search file-
[root@sonu oracle]# ls –lrt <file_name>
Os Version:-
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /proc/version
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
RHEL5.4
Check OS 32/64 Bits
[root@sujeet ~]# getconf LONG_BIT
[root@sujeet ~]# uname –a
CPU Information-
[root@sujeet ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
Process Management
The "ps" command lists current process information.
root # ps
Secure copy one system to other system.
[root@sujeet ~]# scp –r <file_name> destination_IP:<location>
2 comments:
I like your blog as well as the courses. But I have one query, regarding your text color combination. Due to the green color I am having irritation in my eyes.It will be better if u change the green text color any other smooth color.
thank u
I like your blog as well as the courses.But i have one query regarding your text color combination.The Green color is very much odd color in your page and its putting pressure to the eyes.It will be better if u change the text color green with any other color.
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