Oracle RAC DBA Interview Questions and Answers
1. What is RAC?
RAC stands for Real Application cluster.
It is a clustering solution from Oracle Corporation that ensures high availability of databases by providing instance failover, media failover features.
Oracle RAC is a cluster database with a shared cache architecture that overcomes the limitations of traditional shared-nothing and shared-disk approaches to provide a highly scalable and available database solution for all the business applications.
Oracle RAC provides the foundation for enterprise grid computing.
2. What is Oracle RAC One Node?
Oracle RAC one Node is a single instance running on one node of the cluster while the 2nd node is in cold standby mode. If the instance fails for some reason then RAC one node detect it and restart the instance on the same node or the instance is relocate to the 2nd node incase there is failure or fault in 1st node. The benefit of this feature is that it provides a cold failover solution and it automates the instance relocation without any downtime and does not need a manual intervention. Oracle introduced this feature with the release of 11gR2 (available with Enterprise Edition).
3. What is RAC and how is it different from non RAC databases?
Oracle Real Application clusters allows multiple instances to access a single database; the instances will be running on multiple nodes.
In Real Application Clusters environments, all nodes concurrently execute transactions against the same database.
Real Application Clusters coordinates each node's access to the shared data to provide consistency and integrity.
4. What are the advantages of RAC (Real Application Clusters)?
Reliability - if one node fails, the database won't fail
Availability - nodes can be added or replaced without having to shutdown the database
Scalability - more nodes can be added to the cluster as the workload increases
5. What is Oracle RAC One Node?
Oracle RAC one Node is a single instance running on one node of the cluster while the 2nd node is in cold standby mode. If the instance fails for some reason then RAC one node detect it and restart the instance on the same node or the instance is relocate to the 2nd node incase there is failure or fault in 1st node. The benefit of this feature is that it provides a cold failover solution and it automates the instance relocation without any downtime and does not need a manual intervention. Oracle introduced this feature with the release of 11gR2 (available with Enterprise Edition).
6. What is Cache Fusion?
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more instances. When a block of data is read from data-file by an instance within the cluster and another instance is in need of the same block, it is easy to get the block image from the instance which has the block in its SGA rather than reading from the disk. To enable inter instance communication Oracle RAC makes use of interconnects. The Global Enqueue Service (GES) monitors and Instance enqueue process manages the cache fusion.
7. What command would you use to check the availability of the RAC system?
crs_stat -t -v (-t -v are optional)
8. How do we verify that RAC instances are running?
SQL>select * from V$ACTIVE_INSTANCES;
The query gives the instance number under INST_NUMBER column,host_:instancename under INST_NAME column.
9. How can you connect to a specific node in a RAC environment?
tnsnames.ora ensure that you have INSTANCE_NAME specified in it.
10. Which is the "MASTER NODE" in RAC?
The node with the lowest node number will become master node and dynamic premastering of the resources will take place.
To find out the master node for particular resource, you can query v$ges_resource for MASTER_NODE column.
To find out which is the master node, you can see ocssd.log file and search for "master node number".
When the first master node fails in the cluster the lowest node number will become master node.
11. What components in RAC must reside in shared storage?
All data-files, control-files, SP-Files, redo log files must reside on cluster-aware shred storage.
12. Give few examples for solutions that support cluster storage?
·ASM (automatic storage management),
·Raw disk devices,
·Network file system (NFS),
·OCFS2 and
·OCFS (Oracle Cluster Fie systems).
13. What are Oracle Cluster Components?
1. Cluster Interconnect (HAIP)
2.Shared Storage (OCR/Voting Disk)
3.Clusterware software
4.Oracle Kernel Components
14. What are Oracle RAC Components?
VIP, Node apps etc.
15. What are Oracle Kernel Components?
Basically Oracle kernel need to switch on with RAC On option when you convert to RAC, that is the difference as it facilitates few RAC big process like LMON, LCK, LMD, LMS etc.
16. How to turn on RAC?
# link the oracle libraries
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
$ make -f ins_rdbms.mk rac_on
# rebuild oracle
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
$ relink oracle
17. Disk architecture in RAC?
SAN (Storage Area Networks) - generally using fibre to connect to the SAN
NAS (Network Attached Storage) - generally using a network to connect to the NAS using either NFS, ISCSI
18. What is Oracle Cluster-ware?
The Cluster-ware software allows nodes to communicate with each other and forms the cluster that makes the nodes work as a single logical server.
The software is run by the Cluster Ready Services (CRS) using the Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) that records and maintains the cluster and node membership information and the voting disk which acts as a tiebreaker during communication failures. Consistent heartbeat information travels across the interconnect to the voting disk when the cluster is running.
19. Real Application Clusters?
Oracle RAC is a cluster database with a shared cache architecture that overcomes the limitations of traditional shared-nothing and shared-disk approaches to provide a highly scalable and available database solution for all your business applications. Oracle RAC provides the foundation for enterprise grid computing.
Oracle’s Real Application Clusters (RAC) option supports the transparent deployment of a single database across a cluster of servers, providing fault tolerance from hardware failures or planned outages. Oracle RAC running on clusters provides Oracle’s highest level of capability in terms of availability, scalability, and low-cost computing.
One DB opened by multiple instances so the the db ll be Highly Available if an instance crashes.
Cluster Software. Oracles Cluster-ware or products like Veritas Volume Manager are required to provide the cluster support and allow each node to know which nodes belong to the cluster and are available and with Oracle Cluster-ware to know which nodes have failed and to eject then from the cluster, so that errors on that node can be cleared.
Oracle Cluster-ware has two key components Cluster Registry OCR and Voting Disk.
The cluster registry holds all information about nodes, instances, services and ASM storage if used, it also contains state information ie they are available and up or similar.
The voting disk is used to determine if a node has failed, i.e. become separated from the majority. If a node is deemed to no longer belong to the majority then it is forcibly rebooted and will after the reboot add itself again the the surviving cluster nodes.
20. What are the Oracle Cluster-ware key components?
Oracle Cluster-ware has two key components Cluster Registry OCR and Voting Disk.
21. What is Voting Disk and OCR?
RAC stands for Real Application cluster.
It is a clustering solution from Oracle Corporation that ensures high availability of databases by providing instance failover, media failover features.
Oracle RAC is a cluster database with a shared cache architecture that overcomes the limitations of traditional shared-nothing and shared-disk approaches to provide a highly scalable and available database solution for all the business applications.
Oracle RAC provides the foundation for enterprise grid computing.
2. What is Oracle RAC One Node?
Oracle RAC one Node is a single instance running on one node of the cluster while the 2nd node is in cold standby mode. If the instance fails for some reason then RAC one node detect it and restart the instance on the same node or the instance is relocate to the 2nd node incase there is failure or fault in 1st node. The benefit of this feature is that it provides a cold failover solution and it automates the instance relocation without any downtime and does not need a manual intervention. Oracle introduced this feature with the release of 11gR2 (available with Enterprise Edition).
3. What is RAC and how is it different from non RAC databases?
Oracle Real Application clusters allows multiple instances to access a single database; the instances will be running on multiple nodes.
In Real Application Clusters environments, all nodes concurrently execute transactions against the same database.
Real Application Clusters coordinates each node's access to the shared data to provide consistency and integrity.
4. What are the advantages of RAC (Real Application Clusters)?
Reliability - if one node fails, the database won't fail
Availability - nodes can be added or replaced without having to shutdown the database
Scalability - more nodes can be added to the cluster as the workload increases
5. What is Oracle RAC One Node?
Oracle RAC one Node is a single instance running on one node of the cluster while the 2nd node is in cold standby mode. If the instance fails for some reason then RAC one node detect it and restart the instance on the same node or the instance is relocate to the 2nd node incase there is failure or fault in 1st node. The benefit of this feature is that it provides a cold failover solution and it automates the instance relocation without any downtime and does not need a manual intervention. Oracle introduced this feature with the release of 11gR2 (available with Enterprise Edition).
6. What is Cache Fusion?
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more instances. When a block of data is read from data-file by an instance within the cluster and another instance is in need of the same block, it is easy to get the block image from the instance which has the block in its SGA rather than reading from the disk. To enable inter instance communication Oracle RAC makes use of interconnects. The Global Enqueue Service (GES) monitors and Instance enqueue process manages the cache fusion.
7. What command would you use to check the availability of the RAC system?
crs_stat -t -v (-t -v are optional)
8. How do we verify that RAC instances are running?
SQL>select * from V$ACTIVE_INSTANCES;
The query gives the instance number under INST_NUMBER column,host_:instancename under INST_NAME column.
9. How can you connect to a specific node in a RAC environment?
tnsnames.ora ensure that you have INSTANCE_NAME specified in it.
10. Which is the "MASTER NODE" in RAC?
The node with the lowest node number will become master node and dynamic premastering of the resources will take place.
To find out the master node for particular resource, you can query v$ges_resource for MASTER_NODE column.
To find out which is the master node, you can see ocssd.log file and search for "master node number".
When the first master node fails in the cluster the lowest node number will become master node.
11. What components in RAC must reside in shared storage?
All data-files, control-files, SP-Files, redo log files must reside on cluster-aware shred storage.
12. Give few examples for solutions that support cluster storage?
·ASM (automatic storage management),
·Raw disk devices,
·Network file system (NFS),
·OCFS2 and
·OCFS (Oracle Cluster Fie systems).
13. What are Oracle Cluster Components?
1. Cluster Interconnect (HAIP)
2.Shared Storage (OCR/Voting Disk)
3.Clusterware software
4.Oracle Kernel Components
14. What are Oracle RAC Components?
VIP, Node apps etc.
15. What are Oracle Kernel Components?
Basically Oracle kernel need to switch on with RAC On option when you convert to RAC, that is the difference as it facilitates few RAC big process like LMON, LCK, LMD, LMS etc.
16. How to turn on RAC?
# link the oracle libraries
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
$ make -f ins_rdbms.mk rac_on
# rebuild oracle
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
$ relink oracle
17. Disk architecture in RAC?
SAN (Storage Area Networks) - generally using fibre to connect to the SAN
NAS (Network Attached Storage) - generally using a network to connect to the NAS using either NFS, ISCSI
18. What is Oracle Cluster-ware?
The Cluster-ware software allows nodes to communicate with each other and forms the cluster that makes the nodes work as a single logical server.
The software is run by the Cluster Ready Services (CRS) using the Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) that records and maintains the cluster and node membership information and the voting disk which acts as a tiebreaker during communication failures. Consistent heartbeat information travels across the interconnect to the voting disk when the cluster is running.
19. Real Application Clusters?
Oracle RAC is a cluster database with a shared cache architecture that overcomes the limitations of traditional shared-nothing and shared-disk approaches to provide a highly scalable and available database solution for all your business applications. Oracle RAC provides the foundation for enterprise grid computing.
Oracle’s Real Application Clusters (RAC) option supports the transparent deployment of a single database across a cluster of servers, providing fault tolerance from hardware failures or planned outages. Oracle RAC running on clusters provides Oracle’s highest level of capability in terms of availability, scalability, and low-cost computing.
One DB opened by multiple instances so the the db ll be Highly Available if an instance crashes.
Cluster Software. Oracles Cluster-ware or products like Veritas Volume Manager are required to provide the cluster support and allow each node to know which nodes belong to the cluster and are available and with Oracle Cluster-ware to know which nodes have failed and to eject then from the cluster, so that errors on that node can be cleared.
Oracle Cluster-ware has two key components Cluster Registry OCR and Voting Disk.
The cluster registry holds all information about nodes, instances, services and ASM storage if used, it also contains state information ie they are available and up or similar.
The voting disk is used to determine if a node has failed, i.e. become separated from the majority. If a node is deemed to no longer belong to the majority then it is forcibly rebooted and will after the reboot add itself again the the surviving cluster nodes.
20. What are the Oracle Cluster-ware key components?
Oracle Cluster-ware has two key components Cluster Registry OCR and Voting Disk.
21. What is Voting Disk and OCR?
Voting Disk
Oracle RAC uses the voting disk to manage cluster membership by way of a health check and arbitrates cluster ownership among the instances in case of network failures. The voting disk must reside on shared disk.
A node must be able to access more than half of the voting disks at any time.
For example, if you have 3 voting disks configured, then a node must be able to access at least two of the voting disks at any time. If a node cannot access the minimum required number of voting disks it is evicted, or removed, from the cluster.
Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)
The cluster registry holds all information about nodes, instances, services and ASM storage if used, it also contains state information ie they are available and up or similar.
The OCR must reside on shared disk that is accessible by all of the nodes in your cluster.
22. What are the administrative tasks involved with voting disk?
Following administrative tasks are performed with the voting disk :
1) Backing up voting disks
2) Recovering Voting disks
3) Adding voting disks
4) Deleting voting disks
5) Moving voting disks
23. Can you add voting disk online? Do you need voting disk backup?
Yes, as per documentation, if you have multiple voting disk you can add online, but if you have only one voting disk , by that cluster will be down as its lost you just need to start crs in exclusive mode and add the vote disk using
crsctl add votedisk <path>
24. What is the Oracle Recommendation for backing up voting disk?
Oracle recommends us to use the dd command to backup the voting disk with a minimum block size of 4KB.
25. How do we backup voting disks?
1) Oracle recommends that you back up your voting disk after the initial cluster creation and after we complete any node addition or deletion procedures.
2) First, as root user, stop Oracle Cluster-ware (with the crsctl stop crs command) on all nodes. Then, determine the current voting disk by issuing the following command:
crsctl query vote disk css
3) Then, issue the dd or o copy command to back up a voting disk, as appropriate.
Give the syntax of backing up voting disks:-
On Linux or UNIX systems:
dd if=voting_disk_name of=backup_file_name
where,
voting_disk_name is the name of the active voting disk
backup_file_name is the name of the file to which we want to back up the voting disk contents
On Windows systems, use the ocopy command:
copy voting_disk_name backup_file_name
26. How do we verify an existing current backup of OCR?
We can verify the current backup of OCR using the following command: ocrconfig –show backup.
27. You have lost OCR disk, what is your next step?
The cluster stack will be down due to the fact that cssd is unable to maintain the integrity, this is true in 10g, from 11gR2 onwards, and the crsd stack will be down, the hasd still up and running. You can add the ocr back by restoring the automatic backup or import the manual backup,
28. What are the major RAC wait events?
In a RAC environment the buffer cache is global across all instances in the cluster and hence the processing differs. The most common wait events related to this are gc cr request and gc buffer busy
GC CR request: the time it takes to retrieve the data from the remote cache
Reason: RAC Traffic Using Slow Connection or Inefficient queries (poorly tuned queries will increase the amount of data blocks requested by an Oracle session. The more blocks requested typically means the more often a block will need to be read from a remote instance via the interconnect.)
GC BUFFER BUSY: It is the time the remote instance locally spends accessing the requested data block.
29. What do you do if you see GC CR BLOCK LOST in top 5 Timed Events in AWR Report?
This is most likely due to a fault in interconnecting network.
Check netstat -s
if you see "fragments dropped" or "packet reassemblies failed" , Work with your system administrator find the fault with network.
30. How do OCSSD starts first if voting disk & OCR resides in ASM Disk groups?
Oracle RAC uses the voting disk to manage cluster membership by way of a health check and arbitrates cluster ownership among the instances in case of network failures. The voting disk must reside on shared disk.
A node must be able to access more than half of the voting disks at any time.
For example, if you have 3 voting disks configured, then a node must be able to access at least two of the voting disks at any time. If a node cannot access the minimum required number of voting disks it is evicted, or removed, from the cluster.
Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)
The cluster registry holds all information about nodes, instances, services and ASM storage if used, it also contains state information ie they are available and up or similar.
The OCR must reside on shared disk that is accessible by all of the nodes in your cluster.
22. What are the administrative tasks involved with voting disk?
Following administrative tasks are performed with the voting disk :
1) Backing up voting disks
2) Recovering Voting disks
3) Adding voting disks
4) Deleting voting disks
5) Moving voting disks
23. Can you add voting disk online? Do you need voting disk backup?
Yes, as per documentation, if you have multiple voting disk you can add online, but if you have only one voting disk , by that cluster will be down as its lost you just need to start crs in exclusive mode and add the vote disk using
crsctl add votedisk <path>
24. What is the Oracle Recommendation for backing up voting disk?
Oracle recommends us to use the dd command to backup the voting disk with a minimum block size of 4KB.
25. How do we backup voting disks?
1) Oracle recommends that you back up your voting disk after the initial cluster creation and after we complete any node addition or deletion procedures.
2) First, as root user, stop Oracle Cluster-ware (with the crsctl stop crs command) on all nodes. Then, determine the current voting disk by issuing the following command:
crsctl query vote disk css
3) Then, issue the dd or o copy command to back up a voting disk, as appropriate.
Give the syntax of backing up voting disks:-
On Linux or UNIX systems:
dd if=voting_disk_name of=backup_file_name
where,
voting_disk_name is the name of the active voting disk
backup_file_name is the name of the file to which we want to back up the voting disk contents
On Windows systems, use the ocopy command:
copy voting_disk_name backup_file_name
26. How do we verify an existing current backup of OCR?
We can verify the current backup of OCR using the following command: ocrconfig –show backup.
27. You have lost OCR disk, what is your next step?
The cluster stack will be down due to the fact that cssd is unable to maintain the integrity, this is true in 10g, from 11gR2 onwards, and the crsd stack will be down, the hasd still up and running. You can add the ocr back by restoring the automatic backup or import the manual backup,
28. What are the major RAC wait events?
In a RAC environment the buffer cache is global across all instances in the cluster and hence the processing differs. The most common wait events related to this are gc cr request and gc buffer busy
GC CR request: the time it takes to retrieve the data from the remote cache
Reason: RAC Traffic Using Slow Connection or Inefficient queries (poorly tuned queries will increase the amount of data blocks requested by an Oracle session. The more blocks requested typically means the more often a block will need to be read from a remote instance via the interconnect.)
GC BUFFER BUSY: It is the time the remote instance locally spends accessing the requested data block.
29. What do you do if you see GC CR BLOCK LOST in top 5 Timed Events in AWR Report?
This is most likely due to a fault in interconnecting network.
Check netstat -s
if you see "fragments dropped" or "packet reassemblies failed" , Work with your system administrator find the fault with network.
30. How do OCSSD starts first if voting disk & OCR resides in ASM Disk groups?
You might wonder how CSSD, which is required to start the clustered ASM
instance,
31.
Can be started if voting disks are stored in ASM?
Without access to the voting
disks there is no CSS, hence the node cannot join the cluster.
But without being part of the cluster, CSSD cannot start the ASM instance.
To solve this problem the ASM disk headers have new metadata in 11.2:
you can use kfed to read the header of an ASM disk containing a voting disk.
The kfdhdb.vfstart and kfdhdb.vfend fields tell CSS where to find the voting file. This does not require the ASM instance to be up.
Once the voting disks are located, CSS can access them and joins the cluster.
32. What is gsdctl in RAC? List gsdctl commands in Oracle RAC?
But without being part of the cluster, CSSD cannot start the ASM instance.
To solve this problem the ASM disk headers have new metadata in 11.2:
you can use kfed to read the header of an ASM disk containing a voting disk.
The kfdhdb.vfstart and kfdhdb.vfend fields tell CSS where to find the voting file. This does not require the ASM instance to be up.
Once the voting disks are located, CSS can access them and joins the cluster.
32. What is gsdctl in RAC? List gsdctl commands in Oracle RAC?
GSDCTL stands for Global
Service Daemon Control, we can use gsdctl commands to start, stop, and obtain
the status of the GSD service on any platform.
The options for gsdctl are:-
$ gsdctl start -- To start the GSD service
$ gsdctl stop -- To stop the GSD service
$ gsdctl stat -- To obtain the status of the GSD service
Log file location for gsdctl:
$ ORACLE_HOME/srvm/log/gsdaemon_node_name.log
The options for gsdctl are:-
$ gsdctl start -- To start the GSD service
$ gsdctl stop -- To stop the GSD service
$ gsdctl stat -- To obtain the status of the GSD service
Log file location for gsdctl:
$ ORACLE_HOME/srvm/log/gsdaemon_node_name.log
33.
How do you troubleshoot node reboot?
Please check metalink ...
Note 265769.1 Troubleshooting CRS Reboots
Note.559365.1 Using Diagwait as a diagnostic to get more information for diagnosing Oracle Clusterware Node evictions.
Srvctl cannot start instance, I get the following error PRKP-1001 CRS-0215,
Please check metalink ...
Note 265769.1 Troubleshooting CRS Reboots
Note.559365.1 Using Diagwait as a diagnostic to get more information for diagnosing Oracle Clusterware Node evictions.
Srvctl cannot start instance, I get the following error PRKP-1001 CRS-0215,
34.
However sql-plus can start it on both nodes? Or, how do you identify the
problem?
Set the environmental variable SRVM_TRACE to true... And start the instance with srvctl. Now you will get detailed error stack.
35. What are Oracle Cluster-ware processes for 10g on UNIX and Linux?
Cluster Synchronization Services (ocssd) — Manages cluster node membership and runs as the oracle user; failure of this process results in cluster restart.
Cluster Ready Services (crsd) — The crs process manages cluster resources (which could be a database, an instance, a service, a Listener, a virtual IP (VIP) address, an application process, and so on) based on the resource's configuration information that is stored in the OCR. This includes start, stop, monitor and failover operations. This process runs as the root user
Event manager daemon (evmd) — a background process that publishes events that crs creates.
Process Monitor Daemon (OPROCD) —this process monitor the cluster and provide I/O fencing. OPROCD performs its check, stops running, and if the wake up is beyond the expected time, then OPROCD resets the processor and reboots the node. An OPROCD failure results in Oracle Cluster-ware restarting the node. OPROCD uses the hangcheck timer on Linux platforms.
RACG (racgmain, racgimon) —Extends cluster-ware to support Oracle-specific requirements and complex resources. Runs server callout scripts when FAN events occur.
36. What are Oracle database background processes specific to RAC?
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more database instances. They are composed of Memory structures and background processes same as the single instance database. Oracle RAC instances use two processes GES (Global Enqueue Service), GCS (Global Cache Service) that enable cache fusion. Oracle RAC instances are composed of following background processes:
ACMS—Atomic Control-file to Memory Service (ACMS)
GTX0-j—Global Transaction Process
LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor
LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon
LMS—Global Cache Service Process
LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process
RMSn—Oracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)
RSMN—Remote Slave Monitor
To ensure that each Oracle RAC database instance obtains the block that it needs to satisfy a query or transaction, Oracle RAC instances use two processes, the Global Cache Service (GCS) and the Global Enqueue Service (GES). The GCS and GES maintain records of the statuses of each data file and each cached block using a Global Resource Directory (GRD). The GRD contents are distributed across all of the active instances.
37. What is GRD?
GRD stands for Global Resource Directory. The GES and GCS maintain records of the statuses of each data-file and each cached block using global resource directory. This process is referred to as cache fusion and helps in data integrity.
38. What is ACMS?
ACMS stands for Atomic Control-file Memory Service. In an Oracle RAC environment ACMS is an agent that ensures a distributed SGA memory up date (ie) SGA updates are globally committed on success or globally aborted in event of a failure.
39. What is SCAN listener?
A scan listener is something that additional to node listener which listens the incoming db connection requests from the client which got through the scan IP, it got end points configured to node listener where it routes the db connection requests to particular node listener.
SCAN IP can be disabled if not required. However SCAN IP is mandatory during the RAC installation. Enabling/disabling SCAN IP is mostly used in oracle apps environment by the concurrent manager (kind of job scheduler in oracle apps).
Set the environmental variable SRVM_TRACE to true... And start the instance with srvctl. Now you will get detailed error stack.
35. What are Oracle Cluster-ware processes for 10g on UNIX and Linux?
Cluster Synchronization Services (ocssd) — Manages cluster node membership and runs as the oracle user; failure of this process results in cluster restart.
Cluster Ready Services (crsd) — The crs process manages cluster resources (which could be a database, an instance, a service, a Listener, a virtual IP (VIP) address, an application process, and so on) based on the resource's configuration information that is stored in the OCR. This includes start, stop, monitor and failover operations. This process runs as the root user
Event manager daemon (evmd) — a background process that publishes events that crs creates.
Process Monitor Daemon (OPROCD) —this process monitor the cluster and provide I/O fencing. OPROCD performs its check, stops running, and if the wake up is beyond the expected time, then OPROCD resets the processor and reboots the node. An OPROCD failure results in Oracle Cluster-ware restarting the node. OPROCD uses the hangcheck timer on Linux platforms.
RACG (racgmain, racgimon) —Extends cluster-ware to support Oracle-specific requirements and complex resources. Runs server callout scripts when FAN events occur.
36. What are Oracle database background processes specific to RAC?
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more database instances. They are composed of Memory structures and background processes same as the single instance database. Oracle RAC instances use two processes GES (Global Enqueue Service), GCS (Global Cache Service) that enable cache fusion. Oracle RAC instances are composed of following background processes:
ACMS—Atomic Control-file to Memory Service (ACMS)
GTX0-j—Global Transaction Process
LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor
LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon
LMS—Global Cache Service Process
LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process
RMSn—Oracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)
RSMN—Remote Slave Monitor
To ensure that each Oracle RAC database instance obtains the block that it needs to satisfy a query or transaction, Oracle RAC instances use two processes, the Global Cache Service (GCS) and the Global Enqueue Service (GES). The GCS and GES maintain records of the statuses of each data file and each cached block using a Global Resource Directory (GRD). The GRD contents are distributed across all of the active instances.
37. What is GRD?
GRD stands for Global Resource Directory. The GES and GCS maintain records of the statuses of each data-file and each cached block using global resource directory. This process is referred to as cache fusion and helps in data integrity.
38. What is ACMS?
ACMS stands for Atomic Control-file Memory Service. In an Oracle RAC environment ACMS is an agent that ensures a distributed SGA memory up date (ie) SGA updates are globally committed on success or globally aborted in event of a failure.
39. What is SCAN listener?
A scan listener is something that additional to node listener which listens the incoming db connection requests from the client which got through the scan IP, it got end points configured to node listener where it routes the db connection requests to particular node listener.
SCAN IP can be disabled if not required. However SCAN IP is mandatory during the RAC installation. Enabling/disabling SCAN IP is mostly used in oracle apps environment by the concurrent manager (kind of job scheduler in oracle apps).
Steps to disable the SCAN IP,
i. Do not use SCAN IP at the client end.
ii. Stop scan listener
srvctl stop scan_listener
iii.Stop scan
srvctl stop scan (this will stop the scan vip's)
iv. Disable scan and disable scan listener
srvctl disable scan
40. What are the different networks components are in 10g RAC?
Public, private, and vip components
Private interfaces is for intra node communication.
VIP is all about availability of application. When a node fails then the VIP component fail over to some other node, this is the reason that all applications should based on vip components means tns entries should have vip entry in the host list
41. What is an interconnect network?
An interconnect network is a private network that connects all of the servers in a cluster. The interconnect network uses a switch/multiple switches that only the nodes in the cluster can access.
42. What is the use of cluster interconnecting?
Cluster interconnect is used by the Cache fusion for inter instance communication.
43. How can we configure the cluster interconnect?
· Configure User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on Gigabit Ethernet for cluster interconnects.
· On UNIX and Linux systems we use UDP and RDS (Reliable data socket) protocols to be used by Oracle Cluster-ware.
· Windows clusters use the TCP protocol.
44. What is the purpose of Private Interconnect?
Cluster-ware uses the private interconnect for cluster synchronization (network heartbeat) and daemon communication between the clustered nodes. This communication is based on the TCP protocol.
RAC uses the interconnect for cache fusion (UDP) and inter-process communication (TCP). Cache Fusion is the remote memory mapping of Oracle buffers, shared between the caches of participating nodes in the cluster.
45. What is a virtual IP address or VIP?
A virtual IP address or VIP is an alternate IP address that the client connections use instead of the standard public IP address. To configure VIP address, we need to reserve a spare IP address for each node, and the IP addresses must use the same subnet as the public network.
46. What is the use of VIP?
If a node fails, then the node's VIP address fails over to another node on which the VIP address can accept TCP connections but it cannot accept Oracle connections.
47. Why do we have a Virtual IP (VIP) in Oracle RAC?
Without using VIPs or FAN, clients connected to a node that died will often wait for a TCP timeout period (which can be up to 10 min) before getting an error. As a result, you don't really have a good HA solution without using VIPs.
When a node fails, the VIP associated with it is automatically failed over to some other node and new node re-arps the world indicating a new MAC address for the IP. Subsequent packets sent to the VIP go to the new node, which will send error RST packets back to the clients. This results in the clients getting errors immediately.
48. Give situations under which VIP address failover happens?
VIP addresses failover happens when the node on which the VIP address runs fails; all interfaces for the VIP address fails, all interfaces for the VIP address are disconnected from the network.
49. What is the significance of VIP address failover?
When a VIP address failover happens, Clients that attempt to connect to the VIP address receive a rapid connection refused error .They don't have to wait for TCP connection timeout messages.
50. What is the use of a service in Oracle RAC environment?
Applications should use the services feature to connect to the Oracle database. Services enable us to define rules and characteristics to control how users and applications connect to database instances.
51. What are the characteristics controlled by Oracle services feature?
The characteristics include a unique name, workload balancing, failover options, and high availability.
52. What enables the load balancing of applications in RAC?
Oracle Net Services enable the load balancing of application connections across all of the instances in an Oracle RAC database.
53. What are the types of connection load-balancing?
Connection Workload management is one of the key aspects when you have RAC instances as you want to distribute the connections to specific nodes/instance or those have less load.
There are two types of connection load-balancing:
1.Client Side load balancing (also called as connect time load balancing)
2.Server side load balancing (also called as Listener connection load balancing)
54. What is the difference between server-side and client-side connection load balancing?
Client-side balancing happens at client side where load balancing is done using listener. In case of server-side load balancing listener uses a load-balancing advisory to redirect connections to the instance providing best service.
Client Side load balancing: - Oracle client side load balancing feature enables clients to randomize the connection requests among all the available listeners based on their load.
An tns entry that contains all nodes entries and use load balance=on (default its on) will use the connect time load balancing or client side load balancing.
Sample Client Side TNS Entry:-
finance =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = myrac2-vip)(PORT = 2042))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = myrac1-vip)(PORT = 2042))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = myrac3-vip)(PORT = 2042))
(LOAD_BALANCE = yes)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = FINANCE) (FAILOVER=ON)
(FAILOVER_MODE = (TYPE = SELECT) (METHOD = BASIC) (RETRIES = 180) (DELAY = 5))
)
)
Server side load balancing:- This improves the connection performance by balancing the number of active connections among multiple instances and dispatchers. In a single instance environment (shared servers), the listener selects the least dispatcher to handle the incoming client requests. In rac environments, PMON is aware of all instances load and dispatchers, and depending on the load information PMON redirects the connection to the least loaded node.
In a RAC environment, *.remote_listener parameter which is a tns entry containing all nodes addresses need to set to enable the load balance advisory updates to PMON.
Sample Tns entry should be in an instances of RAC cluster,
local_listener=LISTENER_MYRAC1
remote_listener = LISTENERS_MYRACDB
55. What are the administrative tools used for Oracle RAC environments?
Oracle RAC cluster can be administered as a single image using the below
· OEM (Enterprise Manager),
· SQL*PLUS,
· Server control (SRVCTL),
· Cluster Verification Utility (CLUVFY),
· DBCA,
· NETCA
56. Name some Oracle Cluster-ware tools and their uses?
·OIFCFG - allocating and de-allocating network interfaces.
·OCRCONFIG - Command-line tool for managing Oracle Cluster Registry.
·OCRDUMP - Identify the interconnect being used.
·CVU - Cluster verification utility to get status of CRS resources.
57. What is the difference between CRSCTL and SRVCTL?
crsctl manages cluster-ware-related operations:
Starting and stopping Oracle Cluster-ware
Enabling and disabling Oracle Cluster-ware daemons
Registering cluster resources
srvctl manages Oracle resource–related operations:
Starting and stopping database instances and services
Also from 11gR2 manages the cluster resources like network,vip,disks etc
58. How do we remove ASM from a Oracle RAC environment?
We need to stop and delete the instance in the node first in interactive or silent mode.After that asm can be removed using srvctl tool as follows:
srvctl stop asm -n node_name
srvctl remove asm -n node_name
We can verify if ASM has been removed by issuing the following command:
srvctl config asm -n node_name
59. How do we verify that an instance has been removed from OCR after deleting an instance?
Issue the following srvctl command:
srvctl config database -d database_name
cd CRS_HOME/bin
./crs_stat
60. What are the modes of deleting instances from Oracle Real Application cluster Databases?
We can delete instances using silent mode or interactive mode using DBCA (Database Configuration Assistant).
61. What are the background process that exists in 11gr2 and functionality?
Process Name Functionality
crsd •The CRS daemon (crsd) manages cluster resources based on configuration information that is stored in Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) for each resource. This includes start, stop, monitor, and failover operations. The crsd process generates events when the status of a resource changes.
cssd •Cluster Synchronization Service (CSS): Manages the cluster configuration by controlling which nodes are members of the cluster and by notifying members when a node joins or leaves the cluster. If you are using certified third-party cluster-ware, then CSS processes interfaces with your cluster-ware to manage node membership information. CSS has three separate processes: the CSS daemon (ocssd), the CSS Agent (cssdagent), and the CSS Monitor (cssdmonitor). The cssdagent process monitors the cluster and provides input/output fencing. This service formerly was provided by Oracle Process Monitor daemon (oprocd), also known as Ora Fence Service on Windows. A cssdagent failure results in Oracle Clusterware restarting the node.
diskmon •Disk Monitor daemon (diskmon): Monitors and performs input/output fencing for Oracle Exadata Storage Server. As Exadata storage can be added to any Oracle RAC node at any point in time, the diskmon daemon is always started when ocssd is started.
evmd •Event Manager (EVM): Is a background process that publishes Oracle Cluster-ware events
mdnsd •Multicast domain name service (mDNS): Allows DNS requests. The mDNS process is a background process on Linux and UNIX, and a service on Windows.
gnsd •Oracle Grid Naming Service (GNS): Is a gateway between the cluster mDNS and external DNS servers. The GNS process performs name resolution within the cluster.
ons •Oracle Notification Service (ONS): Is a publish-and-subscribe service for communicating Fast Application Notification (FAN) events
oraagent •oraagent: Extends cluster-ware to support Oracle-specific requirements and complex resources. It runs server callout scripts when FAN events occur. This process was known as RACG in Oracle Clusterware 11g Release 1 (11.1).
orarootagent •Oracle root agent (orarootagent): Is a specialized oraagent process that helps CRSD manage resources owned by root, such as the network, and the Grid virtual IP address
oclskd •Cluster kill daemon (oclskd): Handles instance/node evictions requests that have been escalated to CSS
gipcd •Grid IPC daemon (gipcd): Is a helper daemon for the communications infrastructure
ctssd •Cluster time synchronization daemon(ctssd) to manage the time synchronization between nodes, rather depending on NTP
62. Under which user or owner the process will start?
Component Name of the Process Owner
Oracle High Availability Service ohasd init, root
Cluster Ready Service (CRS) Cluster Ready Services root
Cluster Synchronization Service (CSS) ocssd,cssd monitor, cssdagent grid owner
Event Manager (EVM) evmd, evmlogger grid owner
Cluster Time Synchronization Service (CTSS) octssd root
Oracle Notification Service (ONS) ons, eons grid owner
Oracle Agent oragent grid owner
Oracle Root Agent orarootagent root
Grid Naming Service (GNS) gnsd root
Grid Plug and Play (GPnP) gpnpd grid owner
Multicast domain name service (mDNS) mdnsd grid owner
63. What is the major difference between 10g and 11g RAC?
There is not much difference between 10g and 11gR (1) RAC. But there is a significant difference in 11gR2.
Prior to 11gR1(10g) RAC, the following were managed by Oracle CRS
Databases
Instances
Applications
Node Monitoring
Event Services
High Availability
From 11gR2(onwards) its completed HA stack managing and providing the following resources as like the other cluster software like VCS etc.
Databases
Instances
Applications
Cluster Management
Node Management
Event Services
High Availability
Network Management (provides DNS/GNS/MDNSD services on behalf of other traditional services) and SCAN – Single Access Client Naming method, HAIP
Storage Management (with help of ASM and other new ACFS filesystem)
Time synchronization (rather depending upon traditional NTP)
Removed OS dependent hang checker etc, manages with own additional monitor process
64. What is hang check timer?
The hang-check timer checks regularly the health of the system. If the system hangs or stop the node will be restarted automatically.
There are 2 key parameters for this module:
-> hang-check-tick: this parameter defines the period of time between checks of system health. The default value is 60 seconds; Oracle recommends setting it to 30seconds.
-> hang-check-margin: this defines the maximum hang delay that should be tolerated before hang-check-timer resets the RAC node.
65. State the initialization parameters that must have same value for every instance in an Oracle RAC database?
Some initialization parameters are critical at the database creation time and must have same values. Their value must be specified in SPFILE or PFILE for every instance. The list of parameters that must be identical on every instance are given below:
ACTIVE_INSTANCE_COUNT
ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET
COMPATIBLE
CLUSTER_DATABASE
CLUSTER_DATABASE_INSTANCE
CONTROL_FILES
DB_BLOCK_SIZE
DB_DOMAIN
DB_FILES
DB_NAME
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE
DB_UNIQUE_NAME
INSTANCE_TYPE (RDBMS or ASM)
PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS
REMOTE_LOGIN_passWORD_FILE
UNDO_MANAGEMENT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66. What is RAC? What is the benefit of RAC over single instance database?
In Real Application Clusters environments, all nodes concurrently execute transactions against the same database. Real Application Clusters coordinates each node's access to the shared data to provide consistency and integrity.
Benefits:
Improve response time
Improve throughput
High availability
Transparency
Advantages of RAC (Real Application Clusters)
Reliability - if one node fails, the database won't fail
Availability - nodes can be added or replaced without having to shutdown the database
Scalability - more nodes can be added to the cluster as the workload increases
67. What
is a virtual IP address or VIP?
A virtual IP address or VIP is an alternate IP address that the client connections use instead of the standard public IP address. To configure VIP address, we need to reserve a spare IP address for each node, and the IP addresses must use the same subnet as the public network.
68. What is the use of VIP?
If a node fails, then the node's VIP address fails over to another node on which the VIP address can accept TCP connections but it cannot accept Oracle connections.
Give situations under which VIP address failover happens:-
VIP addresses failover happens when the node on which the VIP address runs fails, all interfaces for the VIP address fails, all interfaces for the VIP address are disconnected from the network.
Using virtual IP we can save our TCP/IP timeout problem because Oracle notification service maintains communication between each nodes and listeners.
69. What is the significance of VIP address failover?
When a VIP address failover happens, Clients that attempt to connect to the VIP address receive a rapid connection refused error .They don't have to wait for TCP connection timeout messages.
70. What is voting disk?
Voting Disk is a file that sits in the shared storage area and must be accessible by all nodes in the cluster. All nodes in the cluster register their heart-beat information in the voting disk, so as to confirm that they are all operational. If heart-beat information of any node in the voting disk is not available that node will be evicted from the cluster. The CSS (Cluster Synchronization Service) daemon in the cluster-ware maintains the heart beat of all nodes to the voting disk. When any node is not able to send heartbeat to voting disk, then it will reboot itself, thus help avoiding the split-brain syndrome.
For high availability, Oracle recommends that you have a minimum of three or odd number (3 or greater) of voting disks.
Voting Disk - is file that resides on shared storage and Manages cluster members. Voting disk reassigns cluster ownership between the nodes in case of failure.
The Voting Disk Files are used by Oracle Cluster-ware to determine which nodes are currently members of the cluster. The voting disk files are also used in concert with other Cluster components such as CRS to maintain the clusters integrity.
Oracle Database 11g Release 2 provides the ability to store the voting disks in ASM along with the OCR. Oracle Cluster-ware can access the OCR and the voting disks present in ASM even if the ASM instance is down. As a result CSS can continue to maintain the Oracle cluster even if the ASM instance has failed.
71. How many voting disks are you maintaining?
By default Oracle will create 3 voting disk files in ASM.
Oracle expects that you will configure at least 3 voting disks for redundancy purposes. You should always configure an odd number of voting disks >= 3. This is because loss of more than half your voting disks will cause the entire cluster to fail.
You should plan on allocating 280MB for each voting disk file. For example, if you are using ASM and external redundancy then you will need to allocate 280MB of disk for the voting disk. If you are using ASM and normal redundancy you will need 560MB.
72. Why we need to keep odd number of voting disks?
Oracle expects that you will configure at least 3 voting disks for redundancy purposes. You should always configure an odd number of voting disks >= 3. This is because loss of more than half your voting disks will cause the entire cluster to fail.
73. What are Oracle RAC software components?
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more database instances. They are composed of Memory structures and background processes same as the single instance database. Oracle RAC instances use two processes GES (Global Enqueue Service), GCS(Global Cache Service) that enable cache fusion. Oracle RAC instances are composed of following background processes:
ACMS—Atomic Controlfile to Memory Service (ACMS)
GTX0-j—Global Transaction Process
LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor
LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon
LMS—Global Cache Service Process
LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process
RMSn—Oracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)
RSMN—Remote Slave Monitor
74. What are Oracle Cluster-ware processes for 10g?
Cluster Synchronization Services (ocssd) — Manages cluster node membership and runs as the oracle user; failure of this process results in cluster restart.
Cluster Ready Services (crsd) — The crs process manages cluster resources (which could be a database, an instance, a service, a Listener, a virtual IP (VIP) address, an application process, and so on) based on the resource's configuration information that is stored in the OCR. This includes start, stop, monitor and failover operations. This process runs as the root user
Event manager daemon (evmd) —a background process that publishes events that crs creates.
Process Monitor Daemon (OPROCD) —this process monitor the cluster and provide I/O fencing. OPROCD performs its check, stops running, and if the wake up is beyond the expected time, then OPROCD resets the processor and reboots the node. An OPROCD failure results in Oracle Cluster-ware restarting the node. OPROCD uses the hang-check timer on Linux platforms.
RACG (racgmain, racgimon) —Extends cluster-ware to support Oracle-specific requirements and complex resources. Runs server callout scripts when FAN events occur.
75. What are Oracle database background processes specific to RAC?
LMS—Global Cache Service Process
LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon
LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor
LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process
Oracle RAC instances use two processes, the Global Cache Service (GCS) and the Global Enqueue Service (GES). The GCS and GES maintain records of the statuses of each data file and each cached block using a Global Resource Directory (GRD). The GRD contents are distributed across all of the active instances.
76. What is Cache Fusion?
Transform of data across instances through private interconnect is called cache fusion. Oracle RAC is composed of two or more instances. When a block of data is read from data file by an instance within the cluster and another instance is in need of the same block, it is easy to get the block image from the instance which has the block in its SGA rather than reading from the disk. To enable inter instance communication Oracle RAC makes use of interconnects. The Global Enquire Service (GES) monitors and Instance enquires process manages the cache fusion
77. What is SCAN? (11gR2 feature)
Single Client Access Name (SCAN) is s a new Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 11g Release 2 feature that provides a single name for clients to access an Oracle Database running in a cluster. The benefit is clients using SCAN do not need to change if you add or remove nodes in the cluster.
SCAN provides a single domain name via (DNS), allowing and-users to address a RAC cluster as-if it were a single IP address. SCAN works by replacing a hostname or IP list with virtual IP addresses (VIP).
Single client access name (SCAN) is meant to facilitate single name for all Oracle clients to connect to the cluster database, irrespective of number of nodes and node location. Until now, we have to keep adding multiple address records in all clients tnsnames.ora, when a new node gets added to or deleted from the cluster.
Single Client Access Name (SCAN) eliminates the need to change TNSNAMES entry when nodes are added to or removed from the Cluster. RAC instances register to SCAN listeners as remote listeners. Oracle recommends assigning 3 addresses to SCAN, which will create 3 SCAN listeners, though the cluster has got dozens of nodes.. SCAN is a domain name registered to at least one and up to three IP addresses, either in DNS (Domain Name Service) or GNS (Grid Naming Service). The SCAN must resolve to at least one address on the public network. For high availability and scalability, Oracle recommends configuring the SCAN to resolve to three addresses.
A virtual IP address or VIP is an alternate IP address that the client connections use instead of the standard public IP address. To configure VIP address, we need to reserve a spare IP address for each node, and the IP addresses must use the same subnet as the public network.
68. What is the use of VIP?
If a node fails, then the node's VIP address fails over to another node on which the VIP address can accept TCP connections but it cannot accept Oracle connections.
Give situations under which VIP address failover happens:-
VIP addresses failover happens when the node on which the VIP address runs fails, all interfaces for the VIP address fails, all interfaces for the VIP address are disconnected from the network.
Using virtual IP we can save our TCP/IP timeout problem because Oracle notification service maintains communication between each nodes and listeners.
69. What is the significance of VIP address failover?
When a VIP address failover happens, Clients that attempt to connect to the VIP address receive a rapid connection refused error .They don't have to wait for TCP connection timeout messages.
70. What is voting disk?
Voting Disk is a file that sits in the shared storage area and must be accessible by all nodes in the cluster. All nodes in the cluster register their heart-beat information in the voting disk, so as to confirm that they are all operational. If heart-beat information of any node in the voting disk is not available that node will be evicted from the cluster. The CSS (Cluster Synchronization Service) daemon in the cluster-ware maintains the heart beat of all nodes to the voting disk. When any node is not able to send heartbeat to voting disk, then it will reboot itself, thus help avoiding the split-brain syndrome.
For high availability, Oracle recommends that you have a minimum of three or odd number (3 or greater) of voting disks.
Voting Disk - is file that resides on shared storage and Manages cluster members. Voting disk reassigns cluster ownership between the nodes in case of failure.
The Voting Disk Files are used by Oracle Cluster-ware to determine which nodes are currently members of the cluster. The voting disk files are also used in concert with other Cluster components such as CRS to maintain the clusters integrity.
Oracle Database 11g Release 2 provides the ability to store the voting disks in ASM along with the OCR. Oracle Cluster-ware can access the OCR and the voting disks present in ASM even if the ASM instance is down. As a result CSS can continue to maintain the Oracle cluster even if the ASM instance has failed.
71. How many voting disks are you maintaining?
By default Oracle will create 3 voting disk files in ASM.
Oracle expects that you will configure at least 3 voting disks for redundancy purposes. You should always configure an odd number of voting disks >= 3. This is because loss of more than half your voting disks will cause the entire cluster to fail.
You should plan on allocating 280MB for each voting disk file. For example, if you are using ASM and external redundancy then you will need to allocate 280MB of disk for the voting disk. If you are using ASM and normal redundancy you will need 560MB.
72. Why we need to keep odd number of voting disks?
Oracle expects that you will configure at least 3 voting disks for redundancy purposes. You should always configure an odd number of voting disks >= 3. This is because loss of more than half your voting disks will cause the entire cluster to fail.
73. What are Oracle RAC software components?
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more database instances. They are composed of Memory structures and background processes same as the single instance database. Oracle RAC instances use two processes GES (Global Enqueue Service), GCS(Global Cache Service) that enable cache fusion. Oracle RAC instances are composed of following background processes:
ACMS—Atomic Controlfile to Memory Service (ACMS)
GTX0-j—Global Transaction Process
LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor
LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon
LMS—Global Cache Service Process
LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process
RMSn—Oracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)
RSMN—Remote Slave Monitor
74. What are Oracle Cluster-ware processes for 10g?
Cluster Synchronization Services (ocssd) — Manages cluster node membership and runs as the oracle user; failure of this process results in cluster restart.
Cluster Ready Services (crsd) — The crs process manages cluster resources (which could be a database, an instance, a service, a Listener, a virtual IP (VIP) address, an application process, and so on) based on the resource's configuration information that is stored in the OCR. This includes start, stop, monitor and failover operations. This process runs as the root user
Event manager daemon (evmd) —a background process that publishes events that crs creates.
Process Monitor Daemon (OPROCD) —this process monitor the cluster and provide I/O fencing. OPROCD performs its check, stops running, and if the wake up is beyond the expected time, then OPROCD resets the processor and reboots the node. An OPROCD failure results in Oracle Cluster-ware restarting the node. OPROCD uses the hang-check timer on Linux platforms.
RACG (racgmain, racgimon) —Extends cluster-ware to support Oracle-specific requirements and complex resources. Runs server callout scripts when FAN events occur.
75. What are Oracle database background processes specific to RAC?
LMS—Global Cache Service Process
LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon
LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor
LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process
Oracle RAC instances use two processes, the Global Cache Service (GCS) and the Global Enqueue Service (GES). The GCS and GES maintain records of the statuses of each data file and each cached block using a Global Resource Directory (GRD). The GRD contents are distributed across all of the active instances.
76. What is Cache Fusion?
Transform of data across instances through private interconnect is called cache fusion. Oracle RAC is composed of two or more instances. When a block of data is read from data file by an instance within the cluster and another instance is in need of the same block, it is easy to get the block image from the instance which has the block in its SGA rather than reading from the disk. To enable inter instance communication Oracle RAC makes use of interconnects. The Global Enquire Service (GES) monitors and Instance enquires process manages the cache fusion
77. What is SCAN? (11gR2 feature)
Single Client Access Name (SCAN) is s a new Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 11g Release 2 feature that provides a single name for clients to access an Oracle Database running in a cluster. The benefit is clients using SCAN do not need to change if you add or remove nodes in the cluster.
SCAN provides a single domain name via (DNS), allowing and-users to address a RAC cluster as-if it were a single IP address. SCAN works by replacing a hostname or IP list with virtual IP addresses (VIP).
Single client access name (SCAN) is meant to facilitate single name for all Oracle clients to connect to the cluster database, irrespective of number of nodes and node location. Until now, we have to keep adding multiple address records in all clients tnsnames.ora, when a new node gets added to or deleted from the cluster.
Single Client Access Name (SCAN) eliminates the need to change TNSNAMES entry when nodes are added to or removed from the Cluster. RAC instances register to SCAN listeners as remote listeners. Oracle recommends assigning 3 addresses to SCAN, which will create 3 SCAN listeners, though the cluster has got dozens of nodes.. SCAN is a domain name registered to at least one and up to three IP addresses, either in DNS (Domain Name Service) or GNS (Grid Naming Service). The SCAN must resolve to at least one address on the public network. For high availability and scalability, Oracle recommends configuring the SCAN to resolve to three addresses.
78.
What are SCAN components in a cluster?
1. SCAN Name
2.SCAN IPs (3)
3.SCAN Listeners (3)
1. SCAN Name
2.SCAN IPs (3)
3.SCAN Listeners (3)
79.
What is FAN?
Fast application Notification as it abbreviates to FAN relates to the events related to instances, services and nodes. This is a notification mechanism that Oracle RAC uses to notify other processes about the configuration and service level information that includes service status changes such as, UP or DOWN events. Applications can respond to FAN events and take immediate action.
80. What is TAF?
TAF (Transparent Application Failover) is a configuration that allows session fail-over between different nodes of a RAC database cluster.
Transparent Application Failover (TAF). If a communication link failure occurs after a connection is established, the connection fails over to another active node. Any disrupted transactions are rolled back, and session properties and server-side program variables are lost. In some cases, if the statement executing at the time of the failover is a Select statement, that statement may be automatically re-executed on the new connection with the cursor positioned on the row on which it was positioned prior to the failover.
After an Oracle RAC node crashes—usually from a hardware failure—all new application transactions are automatically rerouted to a specified backup node. The challenge in rerouting is to not lose transactions that were "in flight" at the exact moment of the crash. One of the requirements of continuous availability is the ability to restart in-flight application transactions, allowing a failed node to resume processing on another server without interruption. Oracle's answer to application failover is a new Oracle Net mechanism dubbed Transparent Application Failover. TAF allows the DBA to configure the type and method of failover for each Oracle Net client.
TAF architecture offers the ability to restart transactions at either the transaction (SELECT) or session level.
Fast application Notification as it abbreviates to FAN relates to the events related to instances, services and nodes. This is a notification mechanism that Oracle RAC uses to notify other processes about the configuration and service level information that includes service status changes such as, UP or DOWN events. Applications can respond to FAN events and take immediate action.
80. What is TAF?
TAF (Transparent Application Failover) is a configuration that allows session fail-over between different nodes of a RAC database cluster.
Transparent Application Failover (TAF). If a communication link failure occurs after a connection is established, the connection fails over to another active node. Any disrupted transactions are rolled back, and session properties and server-side program variables are lost. In some cases, if the statement executing at the time of the failover is a Select statement, that statement may be automatically re-executed on the new connection with the cursor positioned on the row on which it was positioned prior to the failover.
After an Oracle RAC node crashes—usually from a hardware failure—all new application transactions are automatically rerouted to a specified backup node. The challenge in rerouting is to not lose transactions that were "in flight" at the exact moment of the crash. One of the requirements of continuous availability is the ability to restart in-flight application transactions, allowing a failed node to resume processing on another server without interruption. Oracle's answer to application failover is a new Oracle Net mechanism dubbed Transparent Application Failover. TAF allows the DBA to configure the type and method of failover for each Oracle Net client.
TAF architecture offers the ability to restart transactions at either the transaction (SELECT) or session level.
81. What are the requirements
for Oracle Cluster-ware?
1. External Shared Disk to store Oracle Cluster ware file
(Voting Disk and Oracle Cluster Registry - OCR)
2. Two network cards on each cluster ware node (and three
set of IP address) -
Network Card 1 (with IP address set 1) for public network
Network Card 2 (with IP address set 2) for private network
(for inter node communication between rac nodes used by cluster-ware and rac
database)
IP address set 3 for Virtual IP (VIP) (used as Virtual IP
address for client connection and for connection failover)
3. Storage Option for OCR and Voting Disk - RAW, OCFS2
(Oracle Cluster File System), NFS,
Which enable the load balancing of applications in RAC?
Oracle Net Services enable the load balancing of application
connections across all of the instances in an Oracle RAC database.
82. How to find location of OCR file when CRS is down?
If you need to find the location of OCR (Oracle Cluster Registry) but your CRS is down.
When the CRS is down:
Look into “ocr.loc” file, location of this file changes depending on the OS:
On Linux: /etc/oracle/ocr.loc
On Solaris: /var/opt/oracle/ocr.loc
When CRS is UP:
Set ASM environment or CRS environment then run the below command:
ocr-check
83. In 2 node RAC, how many NIC’s are using ?
Set ASM environment or CRS environment then run the below command:
ocr-check
83. In 2 node RAC, how many NIC’s are using ?
2 network cards on each clusterware node
Network Card 1 (with IP address set 1) for public network
Network Card 2 (with IP address set 2) for private network
(for inter node communication between rac nodes used by clusterware and rac
database)
84. in 2 nodes RAC, how many IP’s are using?
6 - 3 set of IP address
## eth1-Public: 2
## eth0-Private: 2
## VIP: 2
85. How to find IP’s information in RAC?
Edit the /etc/hosts file as shown below:
# does not remove the following line, or various programs
# That requires network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1
localhost.localdomain localhost
## Public Node names
192.168.10.11
node1-pub.hingu.net node1-pub
192.168.10.22
node2-pub.hingu.net node2-pub
## Private Network (Interconnect)
192.168.0.11
node1-prv node1-prv
192.168.0.22
node2-prv node2-prv
## Private Network (Network Area storage)
192.168.1.11
node1-nas node1-nas
192.168.1.22
node2-nas node2-nas
192.168.1.33
nas-server nas-server
## Virtual IPs
192.168.10.111
node1-vip.hingu.net node1-vip
192.168.10.222
node2-vip.hingu.net node2-vip
86. What is difference between RAC ip addresses?
Public IP address is the normal IP address typically used by
DBA and SA to manage storage, system and database. Public IP addresses are
reserved for the Internet.
Private IP address is used only for internal clustering
processing (Cache Fusion) (aka as interconnect). Private IP addresses are
reserved for private networks.
VIP is used by database applications to enable fail over
when one cluster node fails. The purpose for having VIP is so client connection
can be failover to surviving nodes in case there is failure
87. Can application developer
access the private ip?
No. private IP address is used only for internal clustering
processing (Cache Fusion) (aka as interconnect)
Oracle 11g RAC Interview Questions
1. What is the major difference between 10g and 11g RAC?Well, there is not much difference between 10g and 11gR (1) RAC.
But there is a significant difference in 11gR2.
Prior to 11gR1 (10g) RAC, the following were managed by Oracle CRS
- Databases
- Instances
- Applications
- Node Monitoring
- Event Services
- High Availability
- Databases
- Instances
- Applications
- Cluster Management
- Node Management
- Event Services
- High Availability
- Network Management (provides DNS/GNS/MDNSD services on behalf of other traditional services) and SCAN – Single Access Client Naming method, HAIP
- Storage Management (with help of ASM and other new ACFS filesystem)
- Time synchronization (rather depending upon traditional NTP)
- Removed OS dependent hang checker etc, manages with own additional monitor process
Cluster Interconnect (HAIP)
Shared Storage (OCR/Voting Disk)
Cluster-ware software
3. What are Oracle RAC Components?
VIP, Node apps etc.
4. What are Oracle Kernel Components (nothing but how does Oracle RAC database differs than Normal single instance database in terms of Binaries and process)?
Basically Oracle kernel need to switched on with RAC On option when you convert to RAC, that is the difference as it facilitates few RAC bg process like LMON,LCK,LMD,LMS etc.
To turn on RAC
# link the oracle libraries
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
$ make -f ins_rdbms.mk rac_on
# rebuild oracle
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
$ relink oracle
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more database instances. They are composed of Memory structures and background processes same as the single instance database.Oracle RAC instances use two processes GES(Global Enqueue Service), GCS(Global Cache Service) that enable cache fusion.Oracle RAC instances are composed of following background processes:
ACMS—Atomic Controlfile to Memory Service (ACMS)
GTX0-j—Global Transaction Process
LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor
LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon
LMS—Global Cache Service Process
LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process
RMSn—Oracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)
RSMN—Remote Slave Monitor
5. What is Clusterware?
Software that provides various interfaces and services for a cluster. Typically, this includes capabilities that:
- Allow the cluster to be managed as a whole
- Protect the integrity of the cluster
- Maintain a registry of resources across the cluster
- Deal with changes to the cluster
- Provide a common view of resources
|
Process Name
|
Functionality
|
|
crsd
|
•The CRS daemon (crsd) manages cluster resources based on
configuration information that is stored in Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) for
each resource. This includes start, stop, monitor, and failover operations.
The crsd process generates events when the status of a resource changes.
|
|
cssd
|
•Cluster Synchronization Service (CSS): Manages the
cluster configuration by controlling which nodes are members of the cluster
and by notifying members when a node joins or leaves the cluster. If you are
using certified third-party clusterware, then CSS processes interfaces with
your clusterware to manage node membership information. CSS has three
separate processes: the CSS daemon (ocssd), the CSS Agent (cssdagent), and
the CSS Monitor (cssdmonitor). The cssdagent process monitors the cluster and
provides input/output fencing. This service formerly was provided by Oracle
Process Monitor daemon (oprocd), also known as OraFenceService on Windows. A
cssdagent failure results in Oracle Clusterware restarting the node.
|
|
diskmon
|
•Disk Monitor daemon (diskmon): Monitors and performs
input/output fencing for Oracle Exadata Storage Server. As Exadata storage
can be added to any Oracle RAC node at any point in time, the diskmon daemon
is always started when ocssd is started.
|
|
evmd
|
•Event Manager (EVM): Is a background process that
publishes Oracle Clusterware events
|
|
mdnsd
|
•Multicast domain name service (mDNS): Allows DNS
requests. The mDNS process is a background process on Linux and UNIX, and a
service on Windows.
|
|
gnsd
|
•Oracle Grid Naming Service (GNS): Is a gateway between
the cluster mDNS and external DNS servers. The GNS process performs name
resolution within the cluster.
|
|
ons
|
•Oracle Notification Service (ONS): Is a
publish-and-subscribe service for communicating Fast Application Notification
(FAN) events
|
|
oraagent
|
•oraagent: Extends clusterware to support Oracle-specific
requirements and complex resources. It runs server callout scripts when FAN
events occur. This process was known as RACG in Oracle Clusterware 11g
Release 1 (11.1).
|
|
orarootagent
|
•Oracle root agent (orarootagent): Is a specialized
oraagent process that helps CRSD manage resources owned by root, such as the
network, and the Grid virtual IP address
|
|
oclskd
|
•Cluster kill daemon (oclskd): Handles instance/node
evictions requests that have been escalated to CSS
|
|
gipcd
|
•Grid IPC daemon (gipcd): Is a helper daemon for the
communications infrastructure
|
|
ctssd
|
•Cluster time synchronisation daemon(ctssd) to manage the
time syncrhonization between nodes, rather depending on NTP
|
|
Component
|
Name of the Process
|
Owner
|
|
Oracle High Availability Service
|
ohasd
|
init, root
|
|
Cluster Ready Service (CRS)
|
Cluster Ready Services
|
root
|
|
Cluster Synchronization Service (CSS)
|
ocssd,cssd monitor, cssdagent
|
grid owner
|
|
Event Manager (EVM)
|
evmd, evmlogger
|
grid owner
|
|
Cluster Time Synchronization Service (CTSS)
|
octssd
|
root
|
|
Oracle Notification Service (ONS)
|
ons, eons
|
grid owner
|
|
Oracle Agent
|
oragent
|
grid owner
|
|
Oracle Root Agent
|
orarootagent
|
root
|
|
Grid Naming Service (GNS)
|
gnsd
|
root
|
|
Grid Plug and Play (GPnP)
|
gpnpd
|
grid owner
|
|
Multicast domain name service (mDNS)
|
mdnsd
|
grid owner
|
9. as you said Voting & OCR Disk resides in ASM Diskgroups, but as per startup sequence OCSSD starts first before than ASM, how is it possible?
How OCSSD does starts if voting disk & OCR resides in ASM Disk-groups?
You might wonder how CSSD, which is required to start the clustered ASM instance, can be started if voting disks are stored in ASM? This sound like a chicken-and-egg problem: without access to the voting disks there is no CSS, hence the node cannot join the cluster. But without being part of the cluster, CSSD cannot start the ASM instance. To solve this problem the ASM disk headers have new metadata in 11.2: you can use kfed to read the header of an ASM disk containing a voting disk. The kfdhdb.vfstart and kfdhdb.vfend fields tell CSS where to find the voting file. This does not require the ASM instance to be up. Once the voting disks are located, CSS can access them and joins the cluster.
10. How does SCAN work?
- Client Connected through SCAN name of the cluster (remember all three IP addresses round robin resolves to same Host name (SCAN Name), here in this case our scan name is cluster01-scan.cluster01.example.com
- The request reaches to DNS server in your corp and then resolves to one of the node out of three. a. If GNS (Grid Naming service or domain is configured) that is a sub domain configured in the DNS entry for to resolve cluster address the request will be handover to GNS (gnsd)
- Here in our case assume there is no GNS, now the with the help of SCAN listeners where end points are configured to database listener.
- Database Listeners the request and then process further.
- In case of node addition, Listener 4, client need not to know or need not change any thing from their tns entry (address of 4th node/instance) as they just using scan IP.
- Same case even in the node deletion.
Grid Naming service is alternative service to DNS , which will act as a sub domain in your DNS but managed by Oracle, with GNS the connection is routed to the cluster IP and manages internally.
12. What is GPNP?
Grid Plug and Play along with GNS provide dynamic
In previous releases, adding or removing servers in a cluster required extensive manual preparation.
In Oracle Database 11g Release 2, GPnP allows each node to perform the following tasks dynamically:
- Negotiating appropriate network identities for itself
- Acquiring additional information from a configuration profile
- Configuring or reconfiguring itself using profile data, making host names and addresses resolvable on the network
- –Cluster name: cluster01
- –Network domain: example.com
- –GPnP domain: cluster01.example.com
To make it happen, Oracle uses the profile located in $GI_HOME/gpnp/profiles/peer/profile.xml which contains the cluster resources, for example disk locations of ASM. etc.
So this profile will be read local or from the remote machine when plugged into cluster and dynamically added to cluster.
13. What are the file types that ASM support and keep in disk groups?
|
Control files
|
Flashback logs
|
Data Pump dump sets
|
|
Data files
|
DB SPFILE
|
Data Guard configuration
|
|
Temporary data files
|
RMAN backup sets
|
Change tracking bitmaps
|
|
Online redo logs
|
RMAN data file copies
|
OCR files
|
|
Archive logs
|
Transport data files
|
ASM SPFILE
|
- Stripes files rather than logical volumes
- Provides redundancy on a file basis
- Enables online disk reconfiguration and dynamic rebalancing
- Reduces the time significantly to resynchronize a transient failure by tracking changes while disk is offline
- Provides adjustable rebalancing speed
- Is cluster-aware
- Supports reading from mirrored copy instead of primary copy for extended clusters
- Is automatically installed as part of the Grid Infrastructure
16. List some of the background process that used in ASM?
|
Process
|
Description
|
|
RBAL
|
Opens all device files as part of discovery and
coordinates the rebalance activity
|
|
ARBn
|
One or more slave processes that do the rebalance activity
|
|
GMON
|
Responsible for managing the disk-level activities such as
drop or offline and advancing the ASM disk group compatibility
|
|
MARK
|
Marks ASM allocation units as stale when needed
|
|
Onnn
|
One or more ASM slave processes forming a pool of
connections to the ASM instance for exchanging messages
|
|
PZ9n
|
One or more parallel slave processes used in fetching data
on clustered ASM installation from GV$ views
|
In 11gr2 the listeners will run from Grid Infrastructure software home
- The node listener is a process that helps establish network connections from ASM clients to the ASM instance.
- Runs by default from the Grid $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory
- Listens on port 1521 by default
- Is the same as a database instance listener
- Is capable of listening for all database instances on the same machine in addition to the ASM instance
- Can run concurrently with separate database listeners or be replaced by a separate database listener
- Is named tnslsnr on the Linux platform
A scan listener is something that additional to node listener which listens the incoming db connection requests from the client which got through the scan IP, it got end points configured to node listener where it routes the db connection requests to particular node listener.
16. What is the difference between CRSCTL and SRVCTL?
crsctl manages clusterware-related operations:
- Starting and stopping Oracle Clusterware
- Enabling and disabling Oracle Clusterware daemons
- Registering cluster resources
- Starting and stopping database instances and services
- Also from 11gR2 manages the cluster resources like network,vip,disks etc
To start or stop Oracle Cluster-ware on a specific node:
# crsctl stop crs
# crsctl start crs
To enable or disable Oracle Cluster-ware on a specific node:
# crsctl enable crs
# crsctl disable crs
19. How to check the cluster (all nodes) status?
To check the viability of Cluster Synchronization Services (CSS) across nodes:
$ crsctl check cluster
CRS-4537: Cluster Ready Services is online
CRS-4529: Cluster Synchronization Services is online
CRS-4533: Event Manager is online
20. How to check the cluster (one node) status?
$ crsctl check crs
CRS-4638: Oracle High Availability Services is online
CRS-4537: Cluster Ready Services is online
CRS-4529: Cluster Synchronization Services is online
CRS-4533: Event Manager is online
21. How to find Voting Disk location?
•To determine the location of the voting disk:
# crsctl query css votedisk
## STATE File Universal Id File Name Disk group
– —– —————– ———- ———-
1. ONLINE 8c2e45d734c64f8abf9f136990f3daf8 (ASMDISK01) [DATA]
2. ONLINE 99bc153df3b84fb4bf071d916089fd4a (ASMDISK02) [DATA]
3. ONLINE 0b090b6b19154fc1bf5913bc70340921 (ASMDISK03) [DATA]
Located 3 voting disk(s).
22. How to find Location of OCR?
- cat /etc/oracle/ocr.loc
local_only=FALSE
- #OCRCHECK (also about OCR integrity)
|
Process
|
Description
|
|
RBAL
|
Opens all device files as part of discovery and
coordinates the rebalance activity
|
|
ARBn
|
One or more slave processes that do the rebalance activity
|
|
GMON
|
Responsible for managing the disk-level activities such as
drop or offline and advancing the ASM disk group compatibility
|
|
MARK
|
Marks ASM allocation units as stale when needed
|
|
Onnn
|
One or more ASM slave processes forming a pool of
connections to the ASM instance for exchanging messages
|
|
PZ9n
|
One or more parallel slave processes used in fetching data
on clustered ASM installation from GV$ views
|
|
Disk Group Type
|
Supported Mirroring Levels
|
Default Mirroring Level
|
|
External redundancy
|
Unprotected (None)
|
Unprotected (None)
|
|
Normal redundancy
|
Two-wayThree-wayUnprotected (None)
|
Two-way
|
|
High redundancy
|
Three-way
|
Three-way
|
ASM can use variable size data extents to support larger files, reduce memory requirements, and improve performance.
Each data extent resides on an individual disk.
Data extents consist of one or more allocation units.
The data extent size is:
- Equal to AU for the first 20,000 extents (0–19999)
- Equal to 4 × AU for the next 20,000 extents (20000–39999)
- Equal to 16 × AU for extents above 40,000
- Coarse-grained striping is always equal to the effective AU size.
- Fine-grained striping is always equal to 128 KB.
ASM imposes the following limits:
- 63 disk groups in a storage system
- 10,000 ASM disks in a storage system
- Two-terabyte maximum storage for each ASM disk (non-Exadata)
- Four-petabyte maximum storage for each ASM disk (Exadata)
- 40-exabyte maximum storage for each storage system
- 1 million files for each disk group
- ASM file size limits (database limit is 128 TB):
- External redundancy maximum file size is 140 PB.
- Normal redundancy maximum file size is 42 PB.
- High redundancy maximum file size is 15 PB.
To determine the list of interfaces available to the cluster:
$ oifcfg iflist –p -n
To determine the public and private interfaces that have been configured:
$ oifcfg getif
eth0 192.0.2.0 global public
eth1 192.168.1.0 global cluster_interconnect
To determine the Virtual IP (VIP) host name, VIP address, VIP subnet mask, and VIP interface name:
$ srvctl config nodeapps -a
VIP exists.:host01
VIP exists.: /192.0.2.247/192.0.2.247/255.255.255.0/eth0
…
28. How to change Public or VIP Address in RAC Cluster?
29. How to change Cluster interconnect in RAC?
On a single node in the cluster, add the new global interface specification:
$ oifcfg setif -global eth2/192.0.2.0:cluster_interconnect
Verify the changes with oifcfg getif and then stop Clusterware on all nodes by running the following command as root on each node:
# oifcfg getif
# crsctl stop crs
Assign the network address to the new network adapters on all nodes using ifconfig:
#ifconfig eth2 192.0.2.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.0.2.255
Remove the former adapter/subnet specification and restart Clusterware:
$ oifcfgdelif -global eth1/192.168.1.0
# crsctl start crs
30. Managing or Modifying SCAN in Oracle RAC?
To add a SCAN VIP resource:
$ srvctl add scan -n cluster01-scan
To remove Clusterware resources from SCAN VIPs:
$ srvctl remove scan [-f]
To add a SCAN listener resource:
$ srvctl add scan_listener
$ srvctl add scan_listener -p 1521
To remove Clusterware resources from all SCAN listeners:
$ srvctl remove scan_listener [-f]
31. How to check the node connectivity in Oracle Grid Infrastructure?
$ cluvfy comp nodecon -n all –verbose
32. Can I stop all nodes in one command? Meaning that stopping whole cluster?
In 10g its not possible, where in 11g it is possible
[root@pic1]# crsctl start cluster -all
[root@pic2]# crsctl stop cluster –all
33. What is OLR? Which of the following statements regarding the Oracle Local Registry (OLR) is true?
1. Each cluster node has a local registry for node-specific resources.
2. The OLR should be manually created after installing Grid Infrastructure on each node in the cluster.
3. One of its functions is to facilitate Cluster-ware startup in situations where the ASM stores the OCR and voting disks.
4. You can check the status of the OLR using ocr-check.
34. What is runfixup.sh script in Oracle Cluster-ware 11g release 2 installations?
With Oracle Cluster-ware 11g release 2, Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) detects when the minimum requirements for an installation are not met, and creates shell scripts, called fixup scripts, to finish incomplete system configuration steps. If OUI detects an incomplete task, then it generates fixup scripts (runfixup.sh). You can run the fixup script after you click the Fix and Check Again Button.
The Fixup script does the following:
If necessary sets kernel parameters to values required for successful installation, including:
- Shared memory parameters.
- Open file descriptor and UDP send/receive parameters.
- Sets shell limits if necessary to required values.
crsctl stop cluster (possible only
from 11gr2), please note crsctl commands becomes global now, if you do not
specify node specifically the command executed globally for example
crsctl stop crs (stops in all crs
resource in all nodes)
crsctl stop crs –n <ndeoname)
(stops only in specified node)
36. CRS is not starting automatically after
a node reboot, what you do to make it happen?crsctl enable crs (as root)
to disable
crsctl disable crs (as root)
37. What are server pools in 11gr2?
38. What is policy managed databases in RAC?
39. What is Load balancing & how does it work?
40. Describe high level Steps to convert single instance to RAC?
41. What is the difference between TAF and FAN & FCF? at what conditions you use them?
1) TAF with tnsnames
a feature of Oracle Net Services for OCI8 clients. TAF is transparent application failover which will move a session to a backup connection if the session fails. With Oracle 10g Release 2, you can define the TAF policy on the service using dbms_service package. It will only work with OCI clients. It will only move the session and if the parameter is set, it will failover the select statement. For insert, update or delete transactions, the application must be TAF aware and roll back the transaction. YES, you should enable FCF on your OCI client when you use TAF, it will make the failover faster.
Note: TAF will not work with JDBC thin.
2) FAN with tnsnames with aq notifications true
FAN is a feature of Oracle RAC which stands for Fast Application Notification. This allows the database to notify the client of any change (Node up/down, instance up/down, database up/down). For integrated clients, inflight transactions are interrupted and an error message is returned. Inactive connections are terminated.
FCF is the client feature for Oracle Clients that have integrated with FAN to provide fast failover for connections. Oracle JDBC Implicit Connection Cache, Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET) and Oracle Call Interface are all integrated clients which provide the Fast Connection Failover feature.
3) FCF, along with FAN when using connection pools
FCF is a feature of Oracle clients that are integrated to receive FAN events and abort inflight transactions, clean up connections when a down event is received as well as create new connections when a up event is received. Tomcat or JBOSS can take advantage of FCF if the Oracle connection pool is used underneath. This can be either UCP (Universal Connection Pool for JAVA) or ICC (JDBC Implicit Connection Cache). UCP is recommended as ICC will be deprecated in a future release.
4) ONS, with clusterware either FAN/FCF
ONS is part of the clusterware and is used to propagate messages both between nodes and to application-tiers
ONS is the foundation for FAN upon which is built FCF.
RAC uses FAN to publish configuration changes and LBA events. Applications can react as those published events in two way :
– by using ONS api (you need to program it)
– by using FCF (automatic by using JDBC implicit connection cache on the application server)
you can also respond to FAN event by using server-side callout but this on the server side (as their name suggests it)
Relationship between FAN/FCF/ONS
ONS –> FAN –> FCF
ONS -> send/receive messages on local and remote nodes.
FAN -> uses ONS to notify other processes about changes in configuration of service level
FCF -> uses FAN information working with conection pools JAVA and others.
42. Can you add voting disk online? Do you need voting disk backup?
Yes, as per documentation, if you have multiple voting disk you can add online, but if you have only one voting disk , by that cluster will be down as its lost you just need to start crs in exclusive mode and add the vote-disk using
crsctl add votedisk <path>
43. You have lost OCR disk, what is your next step?
The cluster stack will be down due to the fact that cssd is unable to maintain the integrity, this is true in 10g, From 11gR2 onwards, the crsd stack will be down, the hasd still up and running. You can add the ocr back by restoring the automatic backup or import the manual backup,
44. What happens when ocssd fails, what is node eviction? How node eviction does happen? For all answer will be same.
45. What is virtual IP and how does it works?
46. Describe some rac wait events you experienced?
Oracle RAC Wait events and this table,
47. Can you modify VIP address after your cluster installation?
Yes,
48. How do you interpret AWR report in RAC instances, what sections in awr report for rac instances are most important?
1. Viewing Contents in OCR/Voting disks
There are three possible ways to view the OCR contents.
a. OCRDUMP (or)
b. crs_stat -p (or)
c. By using strings.
Voting disk contents are not persistent and are not required to view the contents, because the voting disk contents will be overwritten. if still need to view, strings are used.2. Server pools – Read in my blog
3. Verifying Cluster Interconnect
Cluster interconnects can be verified by:
i. oifcfg getif
ii. From AWR Report.
iii. show parameter cluster_interconnect
iv. srvctl config network4. Does scan IP required or we can disable it
SCAN IP can be disabled if not required. However SCAN IP is mandatory during the RAC installation. Enabling/disabling SCAN IP is mostly used in oracle apps environment by the concurrent manager (kind of job scheduler in oracle apps).
To disable the SCAN IP,
i. Do not use SCAN IP at the client end.
ii. Stop scan listener
srvctl stop scan_listener
iii. Stop scan
srvctl stop scan (this will stop the scan vip's)
iv. Disable scan and disable scan listener
srvctl disable scan
5. Migrating
to new Disk-group scenariousa. Case 1: Migrating disk group from one storage to other with same name
1. Consider the disk group is DATA,
2. Create new disks in DATA pointing towards the new storage (EMC),
a) Partioning provisioning done by storage and they give you the device name or mapper like /dev/mapper/asakljdlas
3. Add the new disk to diskgroup DATA
a) Alter diskgroup data add disk '/dev/mapper/asakljdlas'
3. drop the old disks from DATA with which rebalancing is done automatically.
If you want you can the rebalance by alter system set asm_power_limit =12 for full throttle.
alter diskgroup data drop disk 'path to hitachi storage'
Note: you can get the device name in v$asm_disk in path column.
4. Request SAN team to detach the old Storage (HITACHI).
b. Case 2: Migrating disk group from one to another with different diskgroup name.
1) Create the Disk group with new name in the new storage.
2) Create the spfile in new diskgroup and change the parameter scope = spfile for control files etc.
3) Take a control file backup in format +newdiskgroup
4) Shutdown the db, startup nomount the database
5) restore the control file from backup (now the control will restore to new diskgroup)
6) Take the RMAN backup as copy of all the databases with new format.
RMAN> backup database as copy format '+newdiskgroup name' ;
3) RMAN> Switch database to copy.
4) Verify dba_data_files,dba_temp_files, v$log that all files are pointing to new diskgroup name.
c. Case 3: Migrating disk group to new storage but no additional diskgroup given
1) Take the RMAN backup as copy of all the databases with new format and place it in the disk.
2) Prepare rename commands from v$log ,v$datafile etc (dynamic queries)
3) Take a backup of pfile and modify the following referring to new diskgroup name
.control_files
.db_create_file_dest
.db_create_online_log_dest_1
.db_create_online_log_dest_2
.db_recovery_file_des
4) stop the database
5) Unmount the diskgroup
asmcmd umount ORA_DATA
6) use asmcmd renamedg (11gr2 only) command to rename to new diskgroup
renamedg phase=both dgname=ORA_DATA newdgname=NEW_DATA verbose=true
7) mount the diskgroup
asmcmd mount NEW_DATA
8) start the database in mount with new pfile taken backup in step 3
9) Run the rename file scripts generated at step2
9) Add the diskgroup to cluster the cluster (if using rac)
srvctl modify database -d orcl -p +NEW_FRA/orcl/spfileorcl.ora
srvctl modify database -d orcl -a "NEW_DATA"
srvctl config database -d orcl
srvctl start database -d orcl
10) Delete the old diskgroup from cluster
crsctl delete resource ora.ORA_DATA.dg
11) Open the database.7. Database rename in RAC, what could be the checklist for you?
a. Take the outputs of all the services that are running on the databases.
b. set cluster_database=FALSE
c. Drop all the services associated with the database.
d. Stop the database
e. Startup mount
f. Use nid to change the DB Name.
Generic question, If using ASM the usual location for the datafile would be +DATA/datafile/OLDDBNAME/system01.dbf'
Does NID changes this path too? to reflect the new db name?
Yes it will, by using proper directory structure it will create a links to original directory structure. +DATA/datafile/NEWDBNAME/system01.dbf'
this has to be tested, We dont have test bed, but thanks to Anji who confirmed it will
g. Change the parameters according to the new database name
h. Change the password file.
i. Stop the database.
j. Mount the database
k. Open database with Reset logs
l. Create spfile from pfile.
m. Add database to the cluster.
n. Create the services that are dropped in prior to rename.
o. Bounce the database.8.How to find the database in which particular service is attached to when you have a large number of databases running in the server, you cannot check one by one manually
Write a shell script to read the database name from oratab and iterate the loop taking inpt as DB name in srvctl to get the result.
#!/bin/ksh
ORACLE_HOME=<crs_home>
PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${SAVE_LLP}:${ORACLE_HOME}/lib
export TNS_ADMIN ORACLE_HOME PATH LD_LIBRARY_PATH
for INSTANCE in `cat /etc/oratab|grep -v “^#”|cut -f1 -d: -s`
do
export ORACLE_SID=$INSTANCE
echo `srvctl status service -d $INSTANCE -s $1| grep -i “is running”`
done
9. Difference between OHAS and CRS?
OHAS is complete cluster stack which includes some kernel level tasks like managing network, time synchronization, disks etc, where the CRS has the ability to manage the resources like database,listeners,applications, etc With both of this Oracle provides the high availability clustering services rather only affinity to databases.
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